-
3000 BCE
Primitive Times
Illness and Disease were
-Caused by evil Spirits and demos
-A punishment from the gods
-Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies.
-Herbs and Plants used as medicines (morphine and digitalis).
-Trepanation and trephinng (surgically removing a piece or bone from the skull).
-average lifespan was 20 years. -
300 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
-Physicians were priests
-Health recorders were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians.
-Bloodletting and leaches were used as medical treatment.
-Average lifespan was 20-30 years -
200 BCE
Ancient Greeks
-Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) and other physicians
-First to observe the human body and the effects of disease – led to modern medical sciences.
-Believed illness is a result of natural causes
-Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment
-Stressed diet, hygiene and exercise as ways to prevent disease
-Average life span was 25-35 years -
220
Ancient Chinese
-Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body.
-Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based manly on the use of herbs.
-Used therapies such as acupuncture.
-Began to search for medical reasons for illness.
-Average life-span was 20-30 years -
400
Ancient Romans
-First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers.
-Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents.
-First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts.
-Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile.
-Life span was 25-35 years. -
800
Dark Ages
-Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was provided.
-Prayer and divine intervention were provided were used to treat illness ad disease.
-Monks and priests provide custodial care for sick people.
-Medications were mainly herbal mixtures.
-Average life-span was (20-30) years,
-Disease cause still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding. -
1400
Middle Ages
renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans.
-1100-Arabs began requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtain licenses.
-1346-1353-Bubonic plague killed 75% of the population in Europe and Asia.
-Major diseases included.
-Smallpox, Diphtheria, Tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague, and malaria -
Renaissance
Rebirth of Science of Medicine
Body Dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
1440: Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
1543: First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
Average life span was 30-40 years
Disease cause STILL a mystery -
16th and 17th Centuries
1500’s: Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding
1600’s: Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
1670: Invention of the microscope
Allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.
HUGE advancement
Average life span 35-45 years
Cause of disease still not known – many people died from infections, Some enlightenment though due to microscope -
18th Century
1714: Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
1760: Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
1778: John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
1798: Smallpox vaccine discovered
Average life span 40-50 years -
19th Century
Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
1895: X-Ray Machine Developed
1893: First Open Heart Surgery
Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
1816: Invention of the stethoscope
1860: Formal training for nurses began
Women became active participants in health care
Average life span 40-60 years -
20th century (continued)
1956: First Bone Marrow Transplant
Initiated Embryonic Stem Cell Research
1978: Test tube babies
Organ Transplants
1960: Kidney
1963: Liver
1967: Heart
1982: Artificial Heart -
20th century
1901: ABO blood groups discovered
Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
New medications were developed
1922: Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
1928: Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)
New machines developed
1943: Kidney Dialysis Machine
1953: Heart Lung Machine
Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions
1953: Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins -
20th Century Vaccines
Diptheria – 1921
Tuberculosis – 1925
Pertussis – 1927
Typhus – 1937
Influenza – 1945
Oral Polio – 1962
Measles – 1963
Mumps – 1967
Rubella – 1970
Chicken Pox – 1974
Streptococcus Pneumonia – 1977
Meningitis – 1978
Hepatitis B – 1981
Hepatitis A – 1992
Lyme Disease – 1998
Rotavirus - 1998 -
20th-21st Century – Top 10
1910: Laparoscopic Surgery
Minimal Invasive Surgery
1970’s: Targeted Cancer Therapies
Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth
Identify and kill the cancer cells
1990: Smoke Free Laws
Decrease in 2nd Hand Smoke
1996: Advances in HIV Medication
Turned a “death sentence disease” into a manageable chronic disease – Normal Life Span
1999: Rapid advances in Stem Cell Research
Re-Create lost/damaged tissues. -
21st Century – Top 10
2001: The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In
2003: Human Genome Project Completed
Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
2005: Face Transplants
Vaccines
2006: HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine)
Prevent Cervical Cancer
2015: Malaria
2015: Ebola