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War of succession between the Crown of Castile and the Catalan-Aragonese crown.
The War of the Spanish Succession affected the entire continent of Europe directly or indirectly. Within the Spanish monarchy, most of the states in the Crown of Aragon sided with Archduke Charles of Austria , while Crown of Castile lent its support to Duke Philip of Anjou . At the end of the war, the victors imposed repression, exile and the end to the Catalan constitutions. -
The United States of America becomes independent from England
The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies formed independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), gaining independence from the British Crown and establishing the constitution. -
French Revolution
The village occupies the Bastille.
The French Revolution was a period of major social upheaval that began in 1787 and ended in 1799. It sought to completely change the relationship between the rulers and those they governed and to redefine the nature of political power. -
Beginning of the War of Independence in Spain
After the deposition of King Ferdinand, “patriot” Spain outside the control of the French armies split into a number of autonomous provinces. Resistance centred in provincial committees that organised armies. A Central Junta at Aranjuez sought to control this federalism and the local levies. Spanish regular troops defeated a French army of inferior. The French retired from Madrid. Napoleon then invaded Spain and by 1809 controlled most of the Spanish peninsula. -
The defeat of Waterloo marks the end of Napoleon's military power
The Battle of Waterloo, which took place in Belgium on June 18, 1815, marked the final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon seized control of the French government in 1799 and became emperor in 1804. Through the Napoleonic Wars, he expanded his empire across western and central Europe. The Battle of Waterloo, in which Napoleon’s forces were defeated by the Prussians and the British (led by the Duke of Wellington), marked the end of his reign and of France’s domination in Europe. -
First steam locomotive in the Iberian Peninsula
The first railway line in the Iberian Peninsula was built in 1848 between Barcelona and Mataró. In 1851 the Madrid-Aranjuez line was opened. In 1852 the first narrow gauge line was built and in 1863 a line reached the Portuguese border. By 1864 the Madrid-Irun line had been opened, and the French border reached. -
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World War I
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The Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution establishes a socialist regime (USSR).
Primary causes of the Russian Revolution included widespread corruption and inefficiency within the czarist imperial government, growing dissatisfaction among peasants, workers, and soldiers, the monarchy’s level of control over the Russian Orthodox Church, and the disintegration of the Imperial Russian Army during World War I. -
Mussolini and the Fascist Takeover of Italy
The king of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III, refused to declare a state of emergency and to impose martial law. Instead, he dissolved the government and asked Mussolini to form a new one. Mussolini therefore became prime minister and minister of the interior, a position that gave him control of the police. -
Nazism begins in Germany
Nazism was a totalitarian movement led by Adolf Hitler as head of the Nazi Party in Germany. In its intense nationalism, its appeal to the masses, and its dictatorial rule, Nazism shared many elements with Italian fascism. However, Nazism was far more extreme in both its ideas and practice. -
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Spanish Civil War
An explanation video of Youtube: click -
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Japanese Invasion of China
The Empire of Japan's Kwantung Army invaded Manchuria on 18 September 1931, immediately following the Mukden Incident. At the war's end in February 1932, the Japanese established the puppet state of Manchukuo. Their occupation lasted until the success of the Soviet Union and Mongolia with the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation in mid-August 1945, towards the end of the Second World War. -
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World War II
An explanation video of Youtube: click -
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Military dictatorship of Francisco Franco in Spain
Explanation video of this period:
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Construction of the Berlin wall
The Berlin Wall was built by the German Democratic Republic during the Cold War to prevent its population from escaping from East Berlin (controlled by Soviets) to West Berlin, which was controlled by the major Western Allies. -
Fall of the Berlin Wall
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On November 9, 1989, as the Cold War began to thaw across Eastern Europe, the spokesman for East Berlin's Communist Party announced a change in his city's relations with the West. Starting at midnight that day, he said, citizens of the GDR were free to cross the country's borders. -
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Beginning of the civil war in Syria
The unrest spread and the crackdown intensified. Opposition supporters took up arms, first to defend themselves and later to rid their areas of security forces. Mr Assad vowed to crush what he called "foreign-backed terrorism". The violence rapidly escalated and the country descended into civil war. -
Refugee crisis in Europe
By the end of 2016, nearly 5.2 million refugees and migrants reached European shores, undertaking treacherous journeys from Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan and other countries torn apart by war and persecution.
For some, this desperate journey was their last. Thousands lost their lives or have gone missing since 2015, and an increasing number of women and unaccompanied children continue to take perilous journeys in search of safety. -
World Pandemic (Covid-19)
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Most people infected with the virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. However, some will become seriously ill and require medical attention. Older people and those with underlying medical conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, or cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.
