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Their disagreement was about who had the right to appoint church officials. When he excommunicated Henry IV, Pope Gregory also told Henry’s vassals that they did not need to give their support to the Emperor anymore. Battles between Church and State
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In 1095 Pope Urban II proclaimed the first crusade, with the stated goal of restoring Christian access to the holy places in and near JerusalemThe Pope's movement took its first public shape at the Council of Piacenza, where, in March 1095, Urban II received an ambassador from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos asking for help against Muslim Turks who had taken over most of formerly Byzantine Anatolia
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Some historians see the Crusades as part of a purely defensive war against the expansion of Islam in the near east, some see them as part of long-running conflict at the frontiers of Europe and others see them as confident aggressive papal led expansion attempts by Western Christendom.
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an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V on September 23, 1122 near the city of Worms. It brought to an end the first phase of the power struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors and has been interpreted[2] as containing within itself the germ of nation-based sovereignty that would one day be confirmed in the Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
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convoked by Pope Innocent III with the papal bull of April 19, 1213, and the Council gathered at Rome's Lateran Palace beginning November 11, 1215The Pope presented seventy-one decrees; the Council considered these along with the organization of the Fifth Crusade and with measures against heretics
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Magna Carta was the first document forced onto a King of England by a group of his subjects, the feudal barons, in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their rightsThe 1215 charter required King John to proclaim certain liberties and accept that his will was not arbitrary—for example by explicitly accepting that no "freeman" (in the sense of non-serf) could be punished except through the law of the land
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Following the strife between Philip IV of France and Pope Boniface VIII, and the death of his successor Benedict XI after only eight months in office, a deadlocked conclave finally elected Clement V, a Frenchman, as Pope in 1305. Clement declined to move to Rome, remaining in France, and in 1309 moved his court to the papal enclave at Avignon
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Following the strife between Philip IV of France and Pope Boniface VIII, and the death of his successor Benedict XI after only eight months in office, a deadlocked conclave finally elected Clement V, a Frenchman, as Pope in 1305. Clement declined to move to Rome, remaining in France, and in 1309 moved his court to the papal enclave at Avignon
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a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453, pitted the Kingdom of England against the Valois Capetians for control of the French throneIn 1337, Edward III of England refused to pay homage to Philip VI of France, leading the French King to claim confiscation of Edward's lands in Aquitaine.
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pitted the Kingdom of England against the Valois Capetians for control of the French throne Although primarily a dynastic conflict, the war gave impetus to ideas of French and English nationalism. the costly war forced both France and Englands citizens to revolt
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an Italian scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists. Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited for initiating the 14th-century Renaissance. Petrarch is often called the "Father of Humanism
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After Pope Gregory XI died, the Romans rioted to ensure the election of a Roman for pope.the cardinals elected a Neapolitan when no viable Roman candidates presented themselves. Many of the cardinals who had elected him soon regretted their decision: they elected Pope Clement VII and he reestablished a papal court in AvignonThe second election threw the Church into turmoil
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The revolt had various causes, including the economic and political tensions generated by the Black Death in the 1340s, the high taxes resulting from the conflict with France during the Hundred Years War, and instability within the local leadership of LondonThe final trigger for the revolt was the intervention of a royal official, John Bampton, in Essex on 30 May 1381. His attempts to collect unpaid poll taxes in the town of Brentwood ended in a violent confrontation
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Hus tried to reform the church by delineating the moral failings of clergy, bishops, and even the papacy from his pulpit Alexander V issued a papal bull that empowered the Archbishop to proceed against Wycliffism in Prague After the publication of the bull in 1410, Hus appealed to Alexander V, but in vain. The Wycliffe books and valuable manuscripts were burned, and Hus and his adherents were excommunicated by Alexander V. asked to recant; again he refused
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The Edict of Worms was a decree issued on 25 May 1521 by Emperor Charles V, declaring:we forbid anyone from this time forward to receive or favour the said Martin Luther. On the contrary, we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic
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issued on 13 April 1598, by Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. In the Edict, Henry aimed primarily to promote civil unity
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These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch RepublicThe treaties did not restore peace all throughout Europe, however, as France and Spain remained at war for the next eleven years, but they did create a basis for national self-determination.
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he overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William of OrangeKing James's policies of religious tolerance after 1685 met with opposition by members of leading political circles, who were troubled by the king's Catholicism and his close ties with FranceThe Revolution permanently ended any chance of Catholicism becoming re-established in England Catholics were denied the right to vote and sit in parliament
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