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Period: 1400 to
Renaissance
Is a period in history and a cultural movement marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity, covering the 15th and 16th centuries and characterized by an effort to revive and surpass the ideas and achievements of classical antiquity; it occurred after the crisis of the Late Middle Ages and was associated with great social change in most fields and disciplines, including art, architecture, politics, literature, exploration and science. In addition to the standard periodization -
1420
Florence Cathedral´s dome, by Brunelleschi
The dome was built between 1420 and 1436 to a plan by Filippo Brunelleschi, and is still the largest masonry vault in the world. Such a structure had been planned since the 1300s, but the admirable innovation of Brunelleschi was to create it without reinforcements in wood, since none could have sustained a cupola of this size.
The dome is an absolute masterpiece of art, enchanting the world since the moment of its creation: the symbol of Florence, of Renaissance culture -
1498
Pietá, by Michelangelo Buonarroti
The sculpture captures the moment when Jesus, taken down from the cross, is given to his mother Mary.ennobled human nature that its divine Creator did not hesitate to become your creature. Michelangelo's aesthetic interpretation of the Pietà is unprecedented in Italian sculpture because it balances the Renaissance ideals of classical beauty with naturalism. -
1509
The school of Athens, by Raphael Sanzio
The School of Athens (Italian: Scuola di Atene) is a fresco by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael. The fresco was painted between 1509 and 1511 as a part of Raphael's commission to decorate the rooms now known as the Stanze di Raffaello, in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican. It depicts a congregation of philosophers, mathematicians, and scientists from Ancient Greece, including Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, Archimedes, Heraclitus and Zarathustr the Iranian prophet. -
Period: 1516 to 1556
The reign of Carlos I
was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria. He was heir to and then head of the rising House of Habsburg during the first half of the 16th century. His dominions in Europe included the Holy Roman Empire, extending from Germany to northern Italy with direct rule over the Austrian hereditary lands.In the Americas, he oversaw both the continuation of the long-lasting Spanish colonization as well as a short-lived German colonization. -
Period: 1520 to 1521
The revolt of the Comuneros in Castilla
Was an uprising by citizens of Castile against the rule of Charles I and his administration between 1520 and 1521. At its height, the rebels controlled the heart of Castile, ruling the cities of Valladolid, Tordesillas, and Toledo.The revolt occurred in the wake of political instability in the Crown of Castile after the death of Queen Isabella I in 1504. Isabella's daughter Joanna succeeded to the throne -
1555
Peace of Augsburg
The Peace of Augsburg, also called the Augsburg Settlement,was a treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Schmalkaldic League, signed on 25 September 1555 at the imperial city of Augsburg. It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christianity permanent within the Holy Roman Empire -
Period: 1556 to
The reign of Felipe II
Philip II of Spain was on the throne in the second half of the XVI (16th) century. He was born in Valladolid on 21st May 1527 and died in San Lorenzo of El Escorial on 13th September 1598. He was the eldest son of Isabel of Portugal and the Emperor Carlos V, who handed over the crowns of Spain and The Netherlands to him on his abdication, while Fernando, Carlos V’s brother, inherited the Holy Roman Empire. -
Period: 1568 to 1571
The rebellion of the Alpujarras
The second rebellion of the Alpujarras sometimes called the War of the Alpujarras or the Morisco Revolt, was the second such revolt against the Castilian Crown in the mountainous Alpujarra region and on the Granada Altiplano region, northeast of the city of Granada. The rebels were Moriscos, the nominally Catholic descendants of the Mudéjares following the first rebellion of the Alpujarras. By 1250, the Reconquest of Spain by the Catholic powers had left only the Emirate of Granada. -
Period: 1568 to
The Eighty Years War
The Eighty Years' Wawas an armed conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands between disparate groups of rebels and the Spanish government. The causes of the war included the Reformation, centralisation, excessive taxation, and the rights and privileges of the Dutch nobility and cities.After the initial stages, Philip II of Spain, the sovereign of the Netherlands, deployed his armies and regained control over most of the rebel-held territories. -
1579
The signment of the Union of Arras
The Union of Arras (Dutch: Unie van Atrecht, French: Union d'Arras, Spanish: Unión de Arrás) was an alliance between the County of Artois, the County of Hainaut and the city of Douai in the Habsburg Netherlands in early 1579 during the Eighty Years' War. Dissatisfied with the religious policies of rebel leader Prince of Orange and the States General of the Netherlands, and especially the rise of the radical Calvinist Republic of Ghent -
1579
The signment of the Union of Utrech
The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Twelve Years' Truce in 160.The treaty was signed on 23 January by Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht ,and the province (but not the city) of Groningen. The treaty was a reaction of the Protestant provinces to the 1579 Union of Arras,in which two southern provinces and a city declared their support for Roman Catholic Spain -
The defeat of the Spanish Armada by England
The Armada was difficult to attack because it sailed in a 'crescent' shape. While the Armada tried to get in touch with the Spanish army, the English ships attacked fiercely. However, an important reason why the English were able to defeat the Armada was that the wind blew the Spanish ships northwards.
The English expeditionary force had sustained a heavy loss of ships, troops and resources yet had not inflicted decisive damage on the Spanish forces. -
Period: to
Baroque art
It was a Western style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from the early 17th century until the 1750s. It followed Renaissance art and Mannerism and preceded the Rococo and Neoclassical styles. It was encouraged by the Catholic Church as a means to counter the simplicity and austerity of Protestant architecture, art, and music, though Lutheran Baroque art developed in parts of Europe as well. -
Apollo and Daphne,by Bernini
Apollo and Daphne is a life-sized marble sculpture by the Italian artist.It is regarded as one of the artistic marvels of the Baroque age. The statue is housed in the Galleria Borghese in Rome, along with several other examples of the artist's most important early works. The sculpture depicts the climax of the story of Apollo and Daphne (Phoebus and Daphne), as written in Ovid's Metamorphoses, wherein the nymph Daphne escapes Apollo's advances by transforming into a laurel tree -
Saint Peter´s square proyect by Bernini
The piazza in front of St. Peter's was built by Bernini between 1657-1667. It was designed with the Feast of Corpus Christi especially in mind, which at the time was very popular and engendered massive public processions. Today it is used for solemn Masses and ceremonies; for canonizations; for the Pope's Sunday angelus, a devotion commemorating the Incarnation; and for the Pope's Wednesday audience, weather permitting. -
The Spinners, by Velazquez
The mythological story of the contest between the goddess Athena (Minerva to the Romans) and the mortal woman Arachne was perhaps told best by the Roman poet Ovid in his Metamorphoses. According to Ovid, Arachne lived in the country of Lydia,where she matured into one of the finest weavers ever known. One of the most famous of the paintings by Velázquez, and an example of his great mythological works, is The Spinners, also known as The Fable of Arachne -
Period: to
Neoclassical art
Neoclassical art, a widespread and influential movement in painting and the other visual arts.In painting it generally took the form of an emphasis on austere linear design in the depiction of Classical themes and subject matter, using archaeologically correct settings and clothing.Neoclassicism in the arts is an aesthetic attitude based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity, which invokes harmony, clarity, restraint, universality, and idealism. -
Oath of the Horatii, by Jacques-Louis David
Oath of the Horatii,is a large painting by the French artist Jacques-Louis David painted in 1784 and 1785 and now on display in the Louvre in Paris.The painting immediately became a huge success with critics and the public and remains one of the best-known paintings in the Neoclassical style.Rome and Alba Longa,and stresses the importance of patriotism and masculine self-sacrifice for one's country. Instead of the two cities sending their armies to war, -
Carlos IV of Spain and his familly, by Francisco de Goya
Charles IV of Spain and His Family is an oil-on-canvas group portrait painting by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya. He began work on the painting in 1800, shortly after he became First Chamber Painter to the royal family, and completed it in the summer of 1801.The paint was setting the royal subjects in a similarly naturalistic setting as they pose for the artist who is visible at his easel at the left of the canvas.