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Colonial Period
Inspectors: Methods: "Strick control and close inspection of school facilites" (Sullivan, 2004) -
Early to middle 19th Century
Schools were run by local authorites generally with no education background. Ward boards supervised as well.
Mid-19th century established the beginning of a district system. -
Late 19th Century
State controled supervisors, schoolmen, established to shape schools into "organized networks" (Sullivan, 2004).
Schools were "transformed into streamline, central adminstrative bueraucracies" (Sullivan, 2004) -
20th Century
Adminstrations became more specialized.
Special Supervisor-females who assited less experinced teachers.
General Supervisors-males working as vice prinicpals.
Democratice Supervision -
Scientific Supervision
Supervisors develped surveys and obtained data to develop supervision plans. -
Observations
The use of classroom observations to aide supervision was implimented. -
Leadership
Supervision became more specialized and was developed as leadership in structure of the schools. -
Clincal Supervision
The theory of supervision moved to the thoughts that supervisors and teachers "could improve teaching by a perscribed, formal process of cllaboration between the teacher and the supervisor" (Sullivan, 2004) -
Changing Concepts Model
The cocept change was to provide teacher empowerment and decision making control. -
Standards -Based Model
Standards developed to monitor and increase student and teacher involvement and productivity.