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First institutionally sponsored distance education program
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The first catalog of instructional films was published
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Rochester, New York, became the first to adopt films for regular instructional use
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Period: to
Sound recordings, radio broadcasting, and motion pictures with sound
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Schema theory, knowledge is represented in long-term memory as packets of information called schemas.
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Ralph Tyler wrote ““Each objective must be defined in terms which clarify the kind of behavior which the course should help to develop” in IDT
Tyler found that when teachers expressed their objectives in terms of changes in student behaviors, it helped them to modify the curriculum. -
Visualizing the Curriculum, written by Charles F. Hoban, Sr., Charles F. Hoban, Jr., and Stanley B. Zissman
In curriculum visualization, information visualization techniques are used to communicate the structure and content of a curriculum to the stakeholders, such as students, lecturers, and administrators. -
Period: to
1943-1945
U.S. Army Air Force produced more than 400 training films and 600 filmstrips to train troops. -
Audiovisual Instruction
Audio-Visual aids such as interactive boards can be used during the lecture, to make the presentation more interesting. Using audio-visuals can improve the visual and auditory perception of students. The teacher can easily show the class her note and then ask them to discuss it. -
Decision by the Federal Communications Commission to set aside 242 television channels for educational purposes.
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B. F. Skinner's article, “The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching,” began what might be called a minor revolution in the field of education
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Benjamin Bloom and his colleagues published Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
Familiarly known as Bloom's Taxonomy, this framework has been applied by generations of K-12 teachers and college instructors in their teaching. The framework elaborated by Bloom and his collaborators consisted of six major categories: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation. -
The Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first orbiting space satellite.
On October 4, 1957, the USSR launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to orbit Earth. The satellite, an 85-kilogram (187-pound) metal sphere the size of a basketball, was launched on a huge rocket and orbited Earth at 29,000 kilometers per hour (18,000 miles per hour) for three months. -
Jerome Bruner develops the Constructivist Theory
Bruner's constructivist theory is a general framework for instruction based upon the study of cognition. Much of the theory is linked to child development research (especially Piaget). The ideas outlined in Bruner (1960) originated from a conference focused on science and math learning. the constructivist learning paradigm is that learning is an active, social process in which a student constructs new ideas or concepts based on his/her current knowledge. -
Robert Mager wrote Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction
Ideally, according to Mager, learning objectives include: A definition of the desired performance by the learner: What should the learner be able to do? A description of the criteria under which the learner will perform: Under what conditions must the learner be able to do it? -
Department of Audiovisual Instruction defines Instructional Design Technology
as " the design and use of messages which control the learning process." -
Robert Gagne’s Theory of Instruction introduced
Gagne's model of instructional design is based on the information processing model of the mental events that occur when adults are presented with various stimuli and focuses on the learning outcomes and how to arrange specific instructional events to achieve those outcomes. -
School museums are created housing supplementary instructional materials
Museums help teach the state, local or core curriculum, tailoring their programs in math, science, art, literacy, language arts, history, civics and government, economics and financial literacy, geography and social studies to meet state, local and national standards. -
Atkinson and Shriffin proposed a multistage, multistore theory of memory that is generally regarded as the basis for information processing theory.
Atkinson and Shiffrin developed the Multi-Store Model of memory (MSM), which describes flow between three permanent storage systems of memory: the sensory register (SR), short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) -
Commission on Instructional Technology Established defines the Field
Instructional technology … is a systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total process of learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives, based on research in human learning and communication and employing a combination of human and non- human resources to bring about more effective instruction [3] – President's Commission on Instructional Technology (PCIT) -
ADDIE
Several branches of the U.S. military adopted an instructional design model (ADDIE) Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation -
Association for Educational Communication and Technology (AECT) adopted a new definition of the field.
“Educational technology is a field involved in the facilitation of human learning through
systematic identification, development, organization and utilization of a full-range of
learning resources and through the management of these processes” -
Computers are used for Instructional Use
Computers are used for instructional purposes in more than 40 percent of all elementary schools and more than 75 percent of all secondary schools in the US -
Cognitive apprenticeship
Alan Collins and John Seely Brown developed cognitive apprenticeship. Cognitive apprenticeship focuses on “learning-through-guided-experience on cognitive and metacognitive skills and processes.” -
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\Instructional Technology: The Definitions and Domains of the Field is published.
Explores the field of instructional technology which is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning. -
Interactive learning environments
Carl Bereiter and Marlene Scardaemlia developed Interactive learning environments. An interactive learning environment (ILE) is a system built in software and sometimes with specialized hardware designed to support teaching and learning in education. -
Situated Learning Theory
Theorists Lave and Wenger created the term Situated Learning, another term for scenario-based learning. Situated learning suggests that learning takes place through the relationships between people and connecting prior knowledge with authentic, informal, and often unintended contextual learning. -
Problem-Based Learning
Problem-Based Learning model developed by Howard Barrows. Problem-based learning (PBL) is a student-centered approach in which students learn about a subject by working in groups to solve an open-ended problem. This problem is what drives the motivation and the learning. -
Connectivism
Connectivism was first introduced in 2005 by two theorists, George Siemens and Stephen Downes. George Siemens (in 2004) and Stephen Downes (in 2005) said connectivism begins when an individual turns to digital technology to solve a problem. This can include actions such as googling a question, texting a friend, or searching for topical social media content. -
AECT definition of Educational Technology
The 2008 AECT definition of ET reads: “Educational Technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and resources” -
Successive approximation model (SAM)
The Successive Approximation Model (SAM) is a simplified version of the ADDIE Model designed specifically to elicit feedback and build working models earlier in the process. Developed by Dr. Michael Allen of Allen Interactions, this model uses a recursive rather than linear process for course development. -
Pebble-in-the-Pond model
The Pebble model assumes a high-level goal, but not detailed objectives and starts from a representation of a whole problem or task which learners will be able to solve or execute following the instruction
