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Alexis de Tocqueville
1835-published democracy in america: identified five values he found critical to america's success:
*Egalitirism(equality)
*Individuilism
*Laissez-faire(hands on)
*Liberty
*Populism(popular sovereignty) -
Period: to
Gilded Age Post Reconstruction
A period of expansion, industrialization, immigration and urbanization with significant effects on Native Americans, workers, immigrants, and the rise of big business in the late 19th century. -
John J Persing
Named commander of american expeditionary force(AEF) during WWI by woodrow wilson.
Insisted that U.S soldiers fight as a unit and not be spread throughout French forces.
Led forces at Battle of Argonee Forest. -
Sandra Day O'Conner
Appointed to supreme court in 1981
First female justice
Established her choice as a swing vote between conservations & liberties -
Period: to
Age of Imperialism and Reform
During the early 20th century the U.S. entered a new historical era: an Age of Expansionism beyond our natural borders as the country moved from isolationism. U.S. imperialism led to involvement in the Spanish-American War, changing policies in Latin America and Asia and eventually to World War I. At home, reformers made efforts to correct economic and social abuses of the Gilded Age. -
16th amendment
Allows Congress to tariff an income tax without basing it on population or dividing it up among the states. The amendment is the constitutional law empowering the government to levy income taxes on Americans. -
17th amendment
The United States Constitution established direct election of United States Senators by popular vote. -
Period: to
World War I
This was an era in which the global conflict of World War I and its effects had an impact on all Americans. -
Woodrow Wilson
President form 1913-1921
Advocate for women’s suffrage
President during WWII
Proposed fourteen points as a basis for post-war peace
Supported U.S membership in League of Nations; U.S failed to join -
Period: to
The Roaring 20s
This was also an era of significant prosperity and social change as Americans became more isolationist and responded to significant change in social norms, consumerism, technological advances and artistic achievement. -
18th amendment
The United States Constitution effectively established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production, transport and sale of (though not the consumption or private possession of) alcohol illegal. -
19th amendment
The United States Constitution prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. -
Warren G. Harding
President from 1921-1923
Called for a "return to normaicy"-less foreign involvenment; emphasis on prosperity at home
Appointed friends to positions; Teapot Dome scandal tainted his reputation -
Period: to
Great Depression: 1930s
Beginning with the Stock Market Crash in 1929, this era is marked by severe depression and the increasing role of the Federal government to improve the economy. -
Douglass Mac Arthur
Commander of U.S army in the pacific during WWII
Commander of U.S forces In Korean conflict
Disagreement with Truman over use of nuclear weapons in
North Korea and china -
Period: to
Rise of Dictators and World War II – 1930s and 1940s
The rise of totalitarian governments in Europe and East Asia led to World War II and involvement of the United States in that conflict. -
Franklin D. Roosevelt
President from 1932-1945(elected to 4 terms)
Pulled country out of Great Deppression with New Deal
Declared war on Japan after bombing of Pearl Harbor- US entered WWII
Worked closely with WInston Churchill during WWII -
Harry S Truman
The final running mate of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944, Truman succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when Roosevelt died after months of declining health. Under Truman, the U.S. successfully concluded World War II; in the aftermath of the conflict, tensions with the Soviet Union increased, marking the start of the Cold War. -
Chester W. Nimitz
Commander of Pacific Fleet during WWII
Commander at battle of midway victory
Successfully organized halt of Japanese advances. -
Geore S Patton
Commander of U.S forces in north Africa and Sicily
Led third army across Europe
Thought U.S should turn on & flight Russians after Germany’s surrender -
Harrry S. Truman
President from 1945-1953
Used atomic weapons against Japan to bring WWII to an end
Assited in the founding of the United Nations
Executed policy to contain communism(Truman Doctrine) -
George Marshall
Army chief of staff and advisor to Roosevelt during WWII
Churchill referred to him as the "organizer of victory"
Created Marshall Plan designed to rebuild the economies and spirits of Europe
Sered as Truman's Secretary of State -
Period: to
Cold War – Post WWII through the 1980s
This post-war era is marked by issues of communism vs. democracy in Europe and America after World War II. It includes the United States and the Soviet Union as competing superpowers in the balance of power. The escalation of the Cold War from containment to the outbreak of the Korean War and foreign policies of the Kennedy / Johnson years including the growing conflict in Vietnam as well as the ending of the Cold War in the 1980s. -
Omar Bradley
World War II general
Selected by Eisenhower to lead U.S forces into France after Normandy invasion
Commander during battle of the bulge
Pushed his troops for the final offensive into Germany -
Period: to
Civil Rights – 1950s, 1960s and beyond
This era highlights the issues of emerging rights for minorities and the leaders and critical events of the modern 20th century civil rights movement. -
Dwight D Eisenhower
Supreme commander of D-Day & allied invasion of Europe in WWII
President from 1953-1961(2 terms)
Created the interstate highway system in 1956
Extended U.S containment of communism policy to Middle East -
John F Kennedy
President from 1961-1963
Supported space race- John Glenn orbited earth
Embarrassed by bay of pigs invasion(unsuccessful attempt to overthrow Castro)
Created alliance for progress & peace corp- programs to promote progress in under developed countries to discourage the spread of communism
Avoided nuclear showdown- Cuban missile crisis -
Rosa Parks
Arrested for refusing to ggive up her seat on a bus to a white person.
Her actions led to Montgomery Bus boycott(1955-6); led to integrated buses and thrust her into the national spotlight -
Martin Luther King JR.
Clergyman, activist & leader in the civil rights movement
Advanced civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience(influenced by Gandhi)
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)
Letter form Birmingham jail (1963)
March on washington (1963) -
Ronald Reagen
Prior to his presidency, he served as the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975), and was a radio, film and television actor. -
Richard M Nixon
President from 1969-1974
Normalized (reopened) relations with Red China (1972)
Introduced détente with soviet union (relaxing of tensions and de-escalating arms race)
Resigned office to avoid impeachment after Watergate -
Cesar Chavez
Leader of Chicano movement to eliminate racism against Mexican Americans
Organized farm workers in california
Demanded increased wages and better working conditions
Emphasized non-violent methods- boycotts, strikes, hunger fasts -
Betty Friedan
Leader in women's liberation movement
Helped form NOW (National Organization of Women)- became central voice of women's movement
Wrote the feminine mystique- challenged the traditional role of women -
Phyllis Schlafly
Conservative activist
Founder of eagle forum- opposes modern feminism
Campaigned against equal rights amendment -
Period: to
Late 20th Contemporary Issues 1980s – 2000
An era of change as the U.S. experienced the end of the Cold War, new conflicts in the Middle East, the impeachment of a President and a controversial election to begin a new century. -
Hector P. Garcia
Mexican American physician & surgeon during WWII
Human rights advocate and founder of American G.I. Forum
First Mexican American to serve on the U.S commission on civil rights
Awarded presidential medal of freedom(highest civilian honor) in 1984 -
Bill Clinton
President from 1993-2001(2 terms)
Balanced federal budget on rich and closed military bases
Supported NAFTA- gradually phased out tariffs
Stood against human rights abuse in Kosovo and China
Avoided impeachment- vote went along party lines -
Period: to
21st Century
Early in this century America dealt with a new threat of terrorism at home with the attacks on the World Trade Center on 9/11 and a decade of the “War Against Terror”. This era also marked the election of the first African-American President of the United States in 2008. -
Barack Obama
1st African American to be elected president
Appointed Sonia Sotomayor to supreme court
Supported health care reforms & banking reforms.
