-
Period: to
Daniel Francois Malan (1948 - 1954)
Laid the foundations of apartheid
Gave himself dictatorial powers to oppose Black and Indian Apartheid movements
Enforced national segregation laws
An ardent fighter for the acceptance of Afrikaans
Promoted Afrikaan language in competition with English and Dutch -
Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949)
Whites and Non-whites could not marry. Non-whites could marry (Black, Asian, Mixed, etc.) -
Group Areas Act 1950
System of Urban aprtheid, assigning locations for residents and business by race
Majority (non-white) had a minority of land (non of which were the developed areas of SA), and vice versa.
The GAA was enforced further by the Pass Laws, where non-whites needed passes (passport esque) to enter the white areas. Whites could declare land of non-whites to be white land and therefore ‘steal’ land. -
Immorality Act 1950
Banned sexual relations between whites and non whites -
Population Registration Act (1950)
Prior to the 1950 Population Registration Act, the community of one’s birth determined the group one belongs in, irrespective of whether that community matches one’s color.
A national population register was created, and ensured one’s group was determined on the basis of color (not cultural factors). Race was recorded on a “reference book”.
The population was categorized into one of three basic groups: White, Coloured and Bantu (Black African). In 1959, Asian was added as a group. -
Bantu Authorities Act (1951)
... a continuation of the 1927 Native Administration Act.
In paper, the act attempted to “restructure the government of the reserves on more traditional lines”
In practice, the act established a system of indirect rule through putting subservient and well-rewarded chiefs in power. These chiefs were chosen for their willingness to enforce state policies, often at the expense of their own popularity.
Africans’ political and voting rights were restricted to their reserves. -
Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act of 1951
Kicked out non-whites in slums in white areas, but also forced white employers to provide housing for their workers if they were to live in the white zone. -
Pass Laws Act 1952
The Pass Laws Act of 1952 required black South Africans over the age of 16 to carry a pass book, known as a dompas, everywhere and at all times. The dompas was similar to a passport, but it contained more pages filled with more extensive information than a normal passport. Within the pages of an individual's dompas was their fingerprints, photograph, personal details of employment, permission from the government to be in a particular part of the country. -
Bantu Education Act (1953): Brainchild of Verwoerd
Schools only admit children of one race
Distinct curriculums: Black education inferior to Whites
Africans: no academic content: literacy, numeracy, technical skills (servitude, labor)
Gov spending white child:black child 7:1
Not English in Black primaries, Afrikaans and English after tribal mother tongue
Basic philosophical imperatives of baasskap and grand apartheid
Servitude, and also tribal identity -
The Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1953)
Strict segregation by race of all public amenities
Many public services (such as buses, trains, toilets) were already segregated and this act took it a step further -
Period: to
Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom (1954 - 1958)
Afrikaner nationalist.
Member of the largest, baasskap (white supremacist) faction of the National Party (NP), who further perpetuated the NP's Apartheid policies during his rule.
White minority rule.
Led the Treason Trials
Deepened divides with the British monarchy. -
Freedom Charter
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Treason trials 1956
... a trial in Johannesburg in which 156 people, including Nelson Mandela, were arrested in a raid and accused of treason in South Africa in 1956. -
Period: to
Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd (1958 - 1962)
- Commissioner of Native Affairs pre-PM
- Prime Minister of the Nationalist party
- Was Socially Conservative
His Goal (1958-1962):
- To leave the Commonwealth of Nations
- Preserve minority rule
- Expanded Vertical segregation (Exploitation of the majority)
- Implemented Bantu Homelands
- Executed the Sharpeville massacre
- Implemented the “pass laws”
- Locked up thousands of anti-apartheid activists
- Shut down all anti-apartheid protests
-
Bantu Self-Government Act
Both were put in place to support the creation of separate “states” determined by race. The Promotion of Bantu Self-Government had a dual effect; it gave some autonomy to the blacks in the Bantustans but it also removed their representation in the South African government, and increased further disenfranchisement. -
Extension of University Education Act (1959)
This act made it a criminal offense for a non-white student to register at a formerly open university without the written permission of the Minister of Internal Affairs. -
1960 South African republic referendum
Leaving the Commonwealth
The vote, which was restricted to whites, was narrowly approved by 52.29% of the voters.[2][3] The Republic of South Africa was constituted on 31 May 1961.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum -
1962. Sabotage Act General Laws Amendment Act No 76
It was under this amendment that Nelson Mandela and others were sentenced to life in prison in 1962. Read more on this link: https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01828/05lv01829/06lv01908.htm
