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John Nelson Darby (1800-1882)
Dispensationalism - John Nelson Darby (1800-1882)-- one branch or corner of premillenialism. Differentiated by rapture, and the idea of history divided in dispensations Dispensation: begins when God breaks into history and initiates a covenant with some part of the human race, and the dispensation ends when God intervenes in judgment due to human disobedience. -
Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention
Susan B. Anthony (Quaker), Lucretia Mott (Quaker) and Elizabeth Cady Stanton--- these three put an announcement in the paper for a Women's Rights convention in Seneca Falls NY. Met in a Wesleyan chapel, which puts Methodism at the roots of this as well. About 300 ppl showed up for a 2-day event. -
Antoinette Brown
Antoinette Brown was ordained a minister by the Congregational Church; she is the first woman to be ordained in the USA. 75 years later, only 100 women ordained by Congregational Church. -
Walter Rauschenbusch (1861-1918)
Walter Rauschenbusch (1861-1918)- galvanizer of modernist idea that human progress can make a difference and can ultimately if not completely but really bring about God's reign on earth ( a very post-millenial view, that human history can act in such a way that eventually God will establish his reign) Theological legacy- the brotherhood of man in the kingdom of God on earthThen America entered WWI. -
Methodist Episcopal church renounces ordination of women
Methodist Episcopal Church ruled that women could not be ordained or licensed as local preachers. Previously granted local preacher's licenses granted to women, like Jennie Fowler Willing, were revoked. -
Anna Howard Shaw
1880: Anna Howard Shaw (1847-1919)- first woman ordained in the Methodist Protestant Church-originally turned down -
Julia Foote and Mary Small
1880s: African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (AMEZ) ordained two African American women, Julia Foote and Mary Small, as deacons and then as elders -
1st Wave Feminism
First wave: 1880-1920 women going into professions, doctors, lawyers, teachers, college professors, entering into high school (there was a concern about "feminizing" high schools!) -
Louisa Woolsey
- Louisa Woolsey ordained in Cumberland Presbyterian Church- This caused considerable controversy because the ordination was declared invalid by the General Assembly in 1894, but the Cumberland Presbytery stood firm
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Woman's Bible
The Woman's Bible: 1895 & 1898- the first example of women biblical interpreters- penned by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and women biblical interpreters who knew Greek, Latin, Hebrew, some Aramaic- whole point was that any reform was interdependent
- Stanton believes that the Bible is THE block to women's independence.
-"We purchased some cheap Bibles, cut out the texts, pasted them at the head of the page, and underneath, wrote our commentaries" -
Pyongyang Revival Meeting
Heavy emphasis on repentance, season of public confessions followed by concentrated prayer where the whole congregation wailed, imploring for God's love and mercy
- This week-long revival gave birth to the unique dawn prayer meetings which have become standard feature of Korean Christianity
- No proof of speaking in tongues, but other signs and wonders, such as healing and casting out demons -
Scofield Reference Bible
C.I. Scofield (1843-1921)- the one who made dispensationalism popular with Scofield Reference Bible (1909). He was convinced that the Bible could be easily understood by anyone if it were studied according to its dispensational divisions, so began the idea of a reference Bible Became most widely used work propagating this view and did more than any other printed work to anchor dispensational premillenialism in American fundamentalism -
Japanese Occupation (1910-1945)
Christians suffered with the people under the oppressive regime. Christianity not associated with colonial power, which contributed to its rampant growth after liberation from Japan in 1945. During the Korean War, communists targeted Christian leaders and churches. In postwar period, these long-suffering Christian refugees began many strong churches Toward end of occupation, emergence of Prayer Mountain Movement, which was an indigenous Korean Pentecostal movement initiated by lay leaders. -
The Fundamentals
The Fundamentals- 2 wealthy LA laymen, Lyman and Milton Stewart, wanted to advance the cause of true religion in a decisive way, so they created a 250,000 fund in order that all ministers might be given twelve substantial booklets in which the theological issues of the day were answered 5 fundamentals:- virgin birth, substitutionary atonement, bodily resurrection of Christ, inerrancy of Scripture without factual or scientific error, dispensational premillenialism -
Shailer Mathews (1863-1941)
End of war in 1918 paved the way for Fundamentalist vs. Modernist debate Shailer Mathews (1863-1941): Norther Baptist; Dean of University of Chicago Divinity Schoolhis insistence upon subjecting Biblical texts to objective scientific scrutiny, free from the assumptions of conservative Christianity, placed him at the center of the emerging debate b/t liberal Christianity and the new fundamentalism -
J. Gresham Machen (1881-1937)
J. Gresham Machen (1881-1937)Presbyterian denomination- modern was not Christianity but a new religion, essentially a faith in humanity that used Christian language and symbols -
William Jennings Bryan
1920s:
William Jennings Bryan (3 times Democratic presidential candidate) supported the ban against teaching evolution in public schools, passed by a number of southern states Scopes Trial tested the Tennessee antievolution law in 1925, that both thrust fundamentalism into the national limelight Fundamentalist forces of 1920s represented a coalition of conservative Protestants that had been growing for some time; at center were dispensational premillenialists -
19th Amendment
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the amendment and first introduced it in 1878; it was forty-one years later, in 1919, when the Congress submitted the amendment to the states for ratification prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. -
Methodist Episcopal Church affirmed the right of women to be ordained as a local preacher
Methodist Episcopal Church affirmed the right of women to be ordained as a local preacher, but they were not admitted as members in full connection of annual conferences.(Translated: a woman could be ordained as a Methodist minister, but she was not guaranteed a church as male ministers were who were in full connection) -
Presbyterian Church allows ordination, but not full equality
General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church allowed women to be ordained as ruling elders but did not grant full equality to women Advice to female seminarian: (benevolent sexism)We are your friends. It's b/c we know the frustration awaiting women in the ministry. We're trying to protect you from heartbreak and ridicule. No matter how earnest you would be, no one would believe your sincerity. It is our obligation to protect the dignity of our profession. -
Christianity in Latin America in 50s
Roman Catholicism in 50s:
After Vatican II, created a LA Bishops' Conference (CELAM), which became a significant voice in Latin American Liberation Theology Protestantism 1950s:- Protestantism by mid-century included about 5% of population, evenly divided between mainline Protestants (middle class) and Pentecostals (lower class) -
Methodist and Presybterian--full status to women
Methodist and Presbyterian Churches granted full ministerial status to women (know this for exam)Maud K. Jensen was the first woman in the Methodist Church to receive full clergy rights. -
Dennis Bennett
- associated with Dennis Bennett, Episcopal rector in suburban LA, and some of his members received Spirit baptism in november 1959. Bennett testified to the experience in a Sunday sermon in April 1960 and was asked to resign.regarded as beginning of Charismatic Movement. Bennett left LA and came to Ballard! Appointed rector at St. Luke's Episcopal, and grew to be the largest in the diocese and a place to which people came to receive Spirit baptism.Beginning of Charismatic movement
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Liberation Theology
1960s-ish. Methodology: Gaudium et spes methodology:1. Socio-Analytical: look at social realities2. Hermeneutic: then, look at Scripture and biblical interpretation3. Pastoral Practice: then, apply what we've learned of the social economic system and Scripture to our pastoral practice -
Gustavo Gutierrez (1928-)
Father of Liberation Theology -Liberation theology is not a "theology" per se--it is a way of life, a way of living out the gospel 3 levels of liberation:
sociopolitical: lib from oppressive structures
Humanization: lib from views that think ppl have nothing to do w/ their own destiny & must accept their fate
From sin (ultimate cause of injustice & oppression) Key themes: pref option for poor, reign of God, Jesus as liberator -
2nd Wave Feminism begins
Begins in 1960s.
- Emergence of feminist theology- begins with the concrete experience of women, understands itself as a collective struggle for justice, and aims toward a transformation of church and societal structures (Anne Carr--Roman Catholic theologian)- collective struggle: not replacing patriarchy with matriarchy. Methodology of Feminist Theology:- critique, recover, revision Originators of feminist theology (reconstructionists):
Letty RussellRosemary Radford Ruether -
Christianity in Latin America in 60s
Since 1960s, Evangelicals, as Protestants of all types are called, have increased from 15 million to 40+ millionIn early 2000, the Latin American Catholic Bishops Conferenced claimed that 8000 Latin Americans convert to evangelical Christianity every day -
Yoido Full Gospel Church
Originally a 1500-seat downtown revival center. In 1963, w/in 5 years of its founding, the church had 2000 members.
Now, 800,000 Most members take part in small prayer and study groups in addition to gatherings in the church's temple. Hundreds of assistant pastors and thousands of home cell group leaders, the majority of both groups being women, a breakthrough in Korean culture "Think it. See it. Name it. Speak it--in boldness." God is a sustainign power in human suffering. -
Jesus People Movement
Charismatic revival movement began on the Pacific Coast in 1967, in which thousands of former hippies became Christians through ministries in Christian coffeehouses offering deliverance from drug addiction -
Catholic Charismatic Movement
- in 2000, estimated 120 million Catholic charismatics, roughly 11% of all Catholics worldwide
- introduced new forms of worship by using dance, drama, praise choruses --renewed experiences of Christian community, such as small groups and innovative discipleship --stimulated a renewed interest in the Holy Spirit, so that being charismatic or pentecostal no longer as controversial --began in Pittsburgh,currently strong in India and Philippines
- El Shaddai in Philippines largest, w/ 7 mil. ppl
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Medellin Conference
- CELAM (Latin American Episcopal Church)- The Church in the Present-Day Transformation of Latin America in the Light of the Council"
- Applied Vat II to Latin America
- as a church, made a prophetic commitment to the poor and oppressed
- acknowledge that unjust structures are evil and they create a violent situation = "institutionalized violence"
- paved the way for Lib Theology - CELAM (Latin American Episcopal Church)- The Church in the Present-Day Transformation of Latin America in the Light of the Council"
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Osanni Fasting and Prayer Mountain (David Yonggi Cho)
Only 2 mountains prior to 1945, after liberation, prayer mountains increased to 207 in 1975 and so on. Movement contributed greatly to the expansion of Korean Pentecostalism
In 1973, Cho and his mother-in-law opened Osanni Fasting and Prayer Mountain.
Cho was raised Buddhist, converted to Christianity when ill w/ tuberculosis at 18.
Graduated Assemblies of God Bible School, started tent church in Seoul in 1958, by 1962 built a 1500 seat downtown "revival center" (became Yoido Full Gospel Church) -
John Wimber, Vineyard Christian Fellowship
- began with one church in Anaheim, CA in 1977, a network of 500 Vineyard churches in USA emerged by 1998, and now it is all over the world- saved out of a drug addiction. was a guitarist for the "Righteous Brothers." Had a "power encounter" in which his life was completely transformed. He read the NT and believed it should be happening in the churches today. Power Evangelism-- involves a power encounter: a clashing of the kingdom of God with Satan
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Puebla Conference
- "Evangelization in the Present and Future of L. America in the Light of the Council"
- The Question: Carry on progress of Medellin or not?
- Preliminary Document and selection of delegates presented a reversal of Medellin
- continues Medellin's spirit
- entire church must be converted to the option of the poor
-no condemnation of Liberation Theology
- No condemnation of base communities Remember key phrase: preferential option for the poor -
Fundamentalism resurgence
In 1980s fundamentalism reemerged on the American scene as a wide coalition similar to the 1920s, often associated with the conservative moral majority in politics -
Oscar Romero (1917-1980)
He became the fourth Archbishop of San Salvador, succeeding Luis Chávez. He was assassinated on 24 March 1980. -
3rd Wave Femism
Begins in 1980s Began as a critique to the second wave. Recognition of diversity of voices around the globe, not just white. Women from all around the world joining in to talk about feminism. White women were dethroned, which was a necessary step. Much more participatory, much more fragmented b/c you have all sorts of women and men joining the conversation and making contributions to feminism. -
Marjorie Matthews
Marjorie Matthews was the first woman elected bishop in the United Methodist Church. -
Toronto Blessing
"Toronto blessing" in January 1994 at Toronto Vineyard church, estimated that 60,000 ppl visited the Toronto church by end of 1995 -
Pensacola Outpouring/Brownsville Revival
June 1995 in AG church in Brownsville, Pensacola, Florida. By 1997 claimed over 1.5 million visitors from all over the world, some 5000 people at nightly services and 100,000 converts -
Christianity in Latin America today
-- especially concerned about Brazil, supposedly the world's No. 1 Roman Catholic nation with 126 million on church rolls. Barely a tenth of those registered Catholics are regular churchgoers. This means there are almost certainly more Brazilian Protestants in church on Sundays than Catholics. Protestants boast a minimum of 20 million churchgoers and are expanding twice as fast as the overall populationBy the year 2015, estimated 31%. Some, like Brazil--50% with over 100 mil. evangel. Protest.
