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He wrote the famous text that marks the start of the European Reformation
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William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English.
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Henry VIII wanted to divorce for 3 reasons:
1. His wife’s failure to bear a son (only one surviving
daughter: Mary Tudor)
2. Her support of the Habsburgs, when Henry wanted
an alliance with France
3. He was in love with Anne Boleyn -
The king was made “Supreme Head of the Church of England”
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The dissolution process was interrupted by rebellions in Yorkshire
and Lincolnshire.These were the greatest rebellions ever faced by a Tudor monarch. They lasted 6 months -
Roman Catholic practices were eradicated.The marriage of clergy was allowed.
The imposition of the Prayer Book led to rebellions in Cornwall and Devon. -
In 1553, Mary I (Tudor) became the first Queen of England
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Protestantism was confined to secrecy as heretics were burned between 1555 and 1558.
Under Mary’s brief reign, over 200 Protestants went to the stake -
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Abolished the authority of the Pope restored the authority of the Queen over the Church
She became “Supreme Governor of the Church of England”. -
Marriage became a strictly diplomatic instrument, negotiations never actually coming to an end.
Fixed alliance seen as too dangerous: most of the foreign Kings were Catholic -
Rebellion against religious reforms.
6000 insurgents.
An attempt to replace Queen Elizabeth by Mary, Queen of Scots.
The revolt was led by the Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland. -
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It provided for the death penalty for any person converting, or already converted to Catholicism.
It was now forbidden to participate or celebrate the Catholic Mass -
Young Catholics had sworn to kill Elizabeth and put Mary
Stuart on the throne but their strategies were discovered
by Francis Walsingham, when he managed to decipher a
coded letter between Marie Stuart and this group. -
Under Elizabeth, a new fleet was constructed: modern fleet of 800 ships
Invention of a new strategy by England: line battle
Used the Dutch strategy of incendiary ships a human advantage on the side of England recruiting efforts had been made: many
more sailors -
Virginia became the 1st permanent English settlement in North America named after the Virgin Queen
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Crowned King of England in
1603 on Elizabeth’s death -
A conspiracy devised by a small group of Catholics to blow up, Parliament and kill James I.
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permanent colony
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Period of starvation, only 60 of the 500 colonists survived
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The King would receive a fixed sum/some MPs feared the King would not need to call up parliaments/the king would be financially independent/The House of Commons refused/James dismissed Parliament
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a new English translation of the Bible
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Parliament did not favour a direct military attack on the Spanish forces/James tore the Commons’ Protestation and dissolved Parliament.
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The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648):
Military defeats/England at war with Spain and France/A huge strain on finances -
The right to collect custom duties for life. But MPs only did so for a year/Charles dissolved Parliament to protect Lord Buckingham/recognise that there were limits to his powers.
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Declared that whoever tried to alter the protestant forms of the Church of England was an enemy of the Kingdom/Charles imprisoned these MPs and dissolved parliament. Start of the “Personal Rule”
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11 years when the King ruled without calling a parliament/ “The Eleven Years Tyranny”
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New Prayer Book : The changes were deemed unacceptable.
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Scottish General Assembly removed the bishops : act of open rebellion
Scotland and England both started to form an army : The Bishops’ Wars -
For the first time in 11 years Charles called a parliament needing money to fight, Charles dissolved it after only 3 weeks.
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The Scots invaded England and emerged victorious, forced to pay the cost of the Scots’ army
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It summarized all the wrong doing of Charles I and concluded on “revolutionary” demands.
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On 22 August 1642, Charles formally declared war on Parliament.
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This was a national, centralized army, controlled and paid from Westminster rather than the counties
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The Second Civil War was made of a series of revolts in
the South of England, Wales and Scotland -
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England’s first and only written constitution
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A general amnesty//To continue religious toleration/To share power with Parliament : in return for the restoration of monarchy.
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All ministers had to swear to conform to the Book of Common Prayer
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plot organised by the French to murder Charles II
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Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English throne
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James II fled to France and William became King William III
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Ensured a Protestant succession
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colonies in North America/trading posts in India/Britain's defeat in the American War of Independence meant
the loss of the American colonies -
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Created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland