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The National Assembly forms - Political and Social
Cause: The Third estate was treated unfairly in the Estates-General, and they were 97% of the population, so they declared themselves the National Assembly.
Effects: They gave rights to people.
This led to new ideas from the constitution to all the people of France, as they were being oppressed by the monarchy, and so the ideas of liberty and rights were introduced to everyone. -
Invention of the Factory System - Economical
Cause: Humans used to do manual labor to make goods, but with the invention of the steam engine to have machinery produce things instead, the factory system became prominent.
Effects: Goods were able to be made very precisely, and more efficiently. People were working in cities and factories.
These factories were able to mass produce many different products, including literature, so they could spread more knowledge as they made a lot for the people to have easy access to books. -
The National Convention comes to power - Political and Social
Cause: The people elected them to write a new constitution and also be in power.
Effects: They formally abolished the monarchy(Sep 21) and established a republic(Sep 22), they also executed the king on Jan 21, 1793, using the new guillotine.
Many political groups formed during this time to represent different areas, such as the Girondins(democrats), and the Jacobins(radicals who wanted complete egalitarianism), so many different political ideas began to appear and spread throughout the people. -
Period: to
The Reign of Terror - Political and Social
Cause: The National Convention gave powers to the Committee of Public Safety, and they adopted policies to protect them from domestic threats.
Effects: Around 40,000 people were killed, and almost 16,000 of those were by guillotine.
This led to more radical ideas being spread across France, as Jacobin Maximilien Robespierre was dominating the Committee of Public Safety and their actions, and he was an extreme radical, which is why he thought killing many people was a solution to problems. -
Napoleon Coup D'etat - Political
Cause: Napoleon returned to Paris and staged a coup that overthrew the Directory, and created the consulate.
Effects: Napoleon codified laws, and most importantly, the civil code, which preserved the ideas of revolution: rights, but not for women and children.
This led to an exchange of nationalism across Europe as Napoleon promoted French Revolutionary ideas to the rest of Europe in his Napoleonic Wars, specifically in the countries he conquered. -
Invention of Electricity - Social(date unknown, sometime around here)
Cause: Coal and water were used before electricity was invented, but not everything could be powered by it. Electricity was fast and could power many types of electronics.
Effects: Electricity led to new inventions. Transportation was improved with subways and streetcars.
This led to an exchange of new ideas as people began to invent more things with electricity, which changed different fields, such as the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell revolutionizing communications. -
Invention of Railroads - Economical and Social
Cause: Transportation in the 1800s was slow, so with the invention of steam engines and access to iron and coal, they were able to construct railroad networks.
Effects: Railroads allowed locomotives to transport goods throughout countries with great efficiency.
Railroads gave people, such as the socialists, the ability to spread their ideas through literature as distributing it would be much more efficient with trains, and people could connect to one another, as transportation was faster. -
The Revolution of 1848 - Political and Social
Cause: The middle classes were fighting for suffrage, but Louis Phillipe refused, so people got mad and revolted.
Effects: Louis Phillipe was overthrown, they established a new constitution and a new republic, and the people also gained universal male suffrage.
Ideas to overthrow monarchies spread to the rest of Europe, in places like Germany, Prussia, and Italy, however, they failed as they had many different states that revolted with different ideals they wanted to have -
The Communist Manifesto - Social
Cause: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were socialists who believed the bourgeoisie were oppressing the proletariats. So they wrote a book about their ideals and the basis of the Communist Party.
Effects: People believed in Marx's ideas. Worker leaders formed socialist parties across Europe, they were fighting in politics to destroy capitalism with laws.
The Communist Manifesto created this new idea of Communism, and it spread across Europe and led to things like Lenin’s revolution in Russia -
Invention of the Bessemer Process - Economic
Cause: Henry Bessemer invented an artillery shell, but France’s cannons could not use it as it was too weak, so Henry tried to make a stronger cast iron, and he did.
Effects: People could now build railroads, weapons, and ships as steel were now inexpensive, and easily accessible.
People began to use steel more, they were able to construct railroads, which allowed people to meet up or distribute literature faster, like socialists with their communist manifestos.