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T. Newcomen's Steam engine
The Newcomen engine, or atmospheric steam engine, was invented in 1712 by Thomas Newcomen, advised by the physicist Robert Hooke and the mechanic John Calley. This machine was an improvement over Thomas Savery's machine. -
John Kays flying shuttle
Kay mounted his shuttle on wheels in a track and used paddles to shoot the shuttle from side to side when the weaver jerked a cord. Using the flying shuttle, one weaver could weave fabrics of any width more quickly than two could before. -
James Hargreaves' spinning jenny
The spinning jenny was a machine used for spinning wool or cotton. English inventor James Hargreaves created it about 1767 and patented it in 1770. The spinning jenny helped to usher in the Industrial Revolution in the textile industry. -
James Watt's Steam engine
Watt's steam engine, also known as the Boulton and Watt steam engine, was the first practical steam engine, becoming one of the driving forces of the Industrial Revolution. James Watt developed the design sporadically between 1763 and 1775, with the support of Matthew Boulton. -
Richard arkwright’s water mill
Water frame developed by Richard Arkwright in 1775. Installed in water powered factories, the machine could spin large quantities of cotton yarn. Its operation relied on a supply of raw cotton grown by enslaved people. -
Luddites opposed mechanization in textile industry
The original Luddites were British weavers and textile workers who objected to the increased use of mechanized looms and knitting frames. Most were trained artisans who had spent years learning their craft, and they feared that unskilled machine operators were robbing them of their livelihood. -
S. Crompon's spinning mule
The spinning mule was a machine invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779. The machine made it easier to produce cotton yarn and thread. The spinning mule allowed one person to work more than 1,000 spindles at the same time. The machine not only made production faster, but it also produced a higher-quality yarn. -
Military and financial aid for USA
The declaration of independence of the USA and its constitution defended the inalieable right of the citizenes, separation of powers, equally and freedom of all the individuals and right to choose a goverment. -
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Phases of the french revolution
The main threat for the Revolution was that the king and privileged classes did not acept the changes proposed by the National Assembly for a great social equality. -
The Tennis Court Oath
Representatives of the 3rd estate met in the Tennis Court and proclamed themseleves the National Assembly. They swore to be assambled to write a constitution for french men. The Assambly was Supported by people in Paris. -
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Economic and Financial crisis
The main causes of the economcal crisis are related to bad harvests, rise in prices, lack of money... -
Enlightment
The burgeoisie took the enlightenment prinples to defeat the absolutism and the Estates of the realm. New forms to organize the society and the goverment With the french revolution. -
Estates General and votes per estate
Each Estate in the Estates General received one vote as a whole group. The First and Second Estates often agreed on issues and would out-vote the Third Estate, two to one. -
Declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen.
The national Convention Assembly made some legal reform: feudal rights were abolizhed (pesantry) and teh Declaration of the Rights of Man and the citizen. -
The great fear
The Great Fear was a wave of panic that swept the French countryside in late July and early August 1789. Fearful of plots by aristocrats to undermine the budding French Revolution, peasants and townspeople mobilized, attacking manorial houses. -
Constitution
Constitutional monarchy, popular sovereignty, separation of powers limited male suffrage (men with certain wealth, in a census) -
The storm of the Bastille.
The Storming of the Bastille occurred in Paris, France, on 14 July 1789, when revolutionary insurgents attempted to storm and seize control of the medieval armoury, fortress and political prison known as the Bastille. -
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Constitutional monarchy
Moderate bourgeoisie proporsals: end of the Ancient Regime, a parlament by census suffrage and a constitution. -
The flight to Varenes
The royal Flight to Varennes during the night of 20–21 June 1791 was a significant event in the French Revolution in which King Louis XVI of France, Queen Marie Antoinette, and their immediate family unsuccessfully attempted to escape from Paris to Montmédy, where the King wished to initiate a counter-revolution by joining up with royalist troops. -
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Legislative Assambly
New constitution: end of privileges, guilds...
The members sat aqcording to their idealogy.
The king had the right of vote.
The National Guard was created to defend the Revolution.
The Austrians and the aristocracy were a real threat.
The solve the financial problem: church properties were sold.
Civil Constitution: established the separation Church-state. Worried about the actions of the National Assembly. the king and the queen, looked for help outside, specially in Austria. -
Preventive war
France declared preventive war on Austria that invaded France -
The execution of the king
King Louis XVI was sentenced to death by guillotine by the revolutionary government of the Convention, on January 21, 1793, declared guilty of "conspiracy against public liberty and attack on national security." -
The terror
Was a climactic period of state-sanctioned violence during the French Revolution which saw the public executions and mass killings of thousands of counter-revolutionary 'suspects' between September 1793 and July 1794. -
Jacobin Convention
Was the most extermist period. It was written a new constitution that recognised a universal male sufrage. The executive power was applied by the Committee of public safety led by Maximiliane Robespierre -
The Girondin Convention
The National Convention voted to abloish the monarchy and make France a republic. The radical Jacobins demanded that Louis should be judged for treason. It was proved that Louis was plotting with foreign troops to crush the revolution. -
The social republic
Some nations disliked the spread of Revolution (mainly Austria anad Prussia) Known events the common people (sans-culottes) attacked the Tuileries Palace and took the royal family. The Republic was declared New assembly is presented, elected by universal male suffrage: the National Convention -
Socyal Republic
Radical bourgeoisie (sopported by popular classes), republic, more equality (universal male suffrage + social laws) -
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Conservative Republic
New moderated liberalism -
Constitution
A new goverment, of more moderate burgeoisie: the Directory. It included an elected legislative and a executive branch with five directors, to avoid dictatorship. -
R. Fulton steamboat
Robert Fulton invented the steamboat, called the Clermont, in 1807. He was not the first to attempt to create the steamboat, and however, Fulton's steamboat was the first viable design for commercial trade and travel. -
Stephenson steam locomotive
Stephenson's Rocket is an early steam locomotive of 0-2-2 wheel arrangement. It was built for and won the Rainhill Trials of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway (L&MR), held in October 1829 to show that improved locomotives would be more efficient than stationary steam engines -
Beginning of transcontinental realroad
On May 10, 1869, Leland Stanford tapped the ceremonial Gold Spike into a pre-drilled hole to link the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads, creating the First Transcontinental Railroad -
Edison’s lightbulb
at his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, Edison had built his first high resistance, incandescent electric light. It worked by passing electricity through a thin platinum filament in the glass vacuum bulb, which delayed the filament from melting. Still, the lamp only burned for a few short hours. -
First skyscraper
The first skyscraper. Chicago's Home Insurance Building, often considered the world's first skyscraper, was completed in 1885 APA Building (1890) in Melbourne, Australia, an example of an early skyscraper outside of North America. -
First moving picture
The first motion picture ever shot was Roundhay Garden Scene, shot in 1888. Louis Le Prince dazzles the eye with a remarkable display of 4 people walking in a garden, creating this 2.11-second cinematic masterpiece. -
Marcom’s radio
The credit of the first radio, however, went to Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi was issued the first patent for a wireless radio device in England in 1896. Tesla's patents were not granted in the United States until 1900, four years after Marconi. -
Wright brothers first flight
They made the first controlled, sustained flight of an engine-powered, heavier-than-air aircraft with the Wright Flyer -
Ford’s modelt
The Model T burst into history on October 1, 1908. Henry Ford called it "the universal vehicle." It became the symbol of economical and reliable transportation. -
Beginnig of WW1
The Great War was the first major war that devastated Europe in the first half of the 20th century. It started on July 28, 1914 and ended in November 1918.