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11,550 BCE
biological knowledge of Egyptians
-they had an understanding of the preservative properties in herbs required for embalming and mummifying
-they were well aware of the medicinal value in certain pants -
2700 BCE
Biological knowledge of Chinese
-possessed medical knowledge and described the theraputic powers of numerous medicinal plants and important food plants such as the soybean -
2500 BCE
Biological knowledge of Indians
-had a well developed science of agriculture
-plants were not only a food source; a document described the use of 960 medicinal plants and included information on topics such as anatomy, physiology, pathology and obstetrics -
1800 BCE
History of biology
-it is not known exactly when the study of biology originated but early humans had some knowledge of the animals and plants around them.
-much of earliest history of biology derived from Assyrian and Babylonian bas-reliefs showing cultivated plants and from carvings depicting veterinary medicine -
700 BCE
Theories of humankind and the origin of life
-the universe contained a creative force called physis
-the world and all living things in it were made of earth and a gas like substance called aperion, which created earths 4 elements
-the first animals were fishes which left water to dry land and they gave rise to other animals by transmutation -
600 BCE
The Greco-Roman world
-Greek philosophers believed that every event has a cause and that cause produces an effect
-the existence of natural law that governs the universe can be comprehended by humans through the use of their powers of observation and deduction
-they established the science of biology but their greatest contribution made to science was the idea of rational thought -
300 BCE
Arab domination of biology
-biology was essentially an arab science
-they discovered works of Aristotle, translated the works into arabic, studied them, then wrote commentaries about them.
-emphasized the unity of nature and recognized relationships between different groups of organisms -
1400
The renaissance
-Leonardo da vinci studied human form
-while disecting animals and examining their structure he compared them to the human structure
-homology became an important concept to uniting diverse groups of animals into distinct units and the significance to evolution -
1500
The water microscope
-the water microscope magnified through a lens at the end of a tube, the tube was filled with water -
1500
Telescopes
-lenses were used in telescopes
-Galileo worked with lenses and developed a telescope with a focus device then viewed the stars -
compound microscope
-used several lenses in a tube and discovered it magnifies beyond the capability of a magnifying glass
-an image magnified by a single lens can be further magnified with more lenses -
what is cell theory
-Robert Hook was the first to describe cells and give them a name
-in 1674 Leeuwenhoek looked at pond water with a powerful magnifying lens and discovered animalcules
in 1858 Schleiden and Schwann viewed a nucleus in plant and animal cells and discovered all living things were made up of cells -
Francesco Redi
-was an italian physician who demonstrated that the presence of maggots in decaying meat does not result result from spontaneous generation but from eggs laid on the meat by flies -
The father of the microscope
-Leeuwenhoek grounded 50 lenses which had a linear magnifying power of 500
-his famous experiment was viewing lake water and discovered bacteria -
John Needham
-studied microscopic organisms and theories of spontaneous generation from 1746 to 1749.
-in 1750 he created his own theory of spontaneous generation and challenged redi's findings and concluded that life was created from nonlife. -
Lazzaro Spallanzani
-reviewed and concluded that redi's and needhams dad was not accurate
-constructed is own experiment by boiling broth and sealing one jar and leaving the other open and concluded air was the primary for spontaneous generation -
The invention of achromatic lens
-discovered that using a second lens of different shape and refracting properties can realign colors
-light bends at different angles depending on where it hits the lens
-combining these discoveries helped the quality of image -
Louis Pasteur
-created the swan neck flask
-concluded microorganisms do not appear from spontaneous generation. microorganisms are introduced through particles in the air. -
Stanley Miller and Harold Urey
-studied how life originated
-created a simulation using materials that represented early earths atmosphere
-established that the hypothetical process could produce some building blocks of life without requiring life to synthesize them first -
Lynn Margulis
-studied how life evolved from the very basic beginnings to multicellular life
-observed endosymbiosis and concluded that is is the best explanation for the evolution of the eukaryotic cell
-endosymbiosis generated mitochondria then later brought chloroplast into some eukaryotic cells -
Dino-lite
-dino lite is a hand held microscope, slightly larger than a pen
-they have a magnification up to 500x