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Black Codes
A series of statutes and laws enacted in 1865 and 1866 by the legislatures of the Southern states following the end of the Civil War at the beginning of the Reconstruction Era. Public laws that economized restricted minorities' civil rights -
13th Amendment
"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. -
14th Amendment
No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. -
Tenant Farming
Tenant farming was a system of farming in which a person rents land to farm from a planter -
Lynching
Hanging blacks for crimes. By the end of the civil war it changed into a way of controlling the black population. -
15th Amendment
to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude". -
Plessy V Ferguson
Was a law case of the US Supreme Court and it was denied in 1896. This law appealed racial segregation for the public under "separate but equal" -
Thurgood Marshall
The first African American to serve in the Supreme Court of the United States. Before becoming a judge, Marshall was a lawyer and he was the grandson of a slave. He established a record for supporting the voiceless American. Thurgood Marshall argued and won Brown V. Board Of Education and was chief legal counsel for the NAACP -
19th Amendment
The 19th amendment is a very important amendment to the constitution as it gave women the right to vote in 1920. -
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin was the leader of the Civil Rights movement. He advocated civil civil disobedience and demanded equality for blacks including desegregation in all public facilities and life. Not only was Martin a leader but he was a preacher as well. Unfortunately he was arrested for protesting, however, he was still awarded a nobel peace prize and is the youngest man to win one. -
20th Amendment
The 20th amendment is a simple amendment that sets the dates at which federal (United States) government elected offices end. In also defines who succeeds the president if the president dies -
Federal Housing Authority
provides mortgage insurance on loans made by FHA-approved lenders throughout the United States and its territories. FHA insures mortgages on single family and multifamily homes including manufactured homes and hospitals. -
Jim Crow Laws
Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government. -
Brown V. Board of Education
Supreme Court decision that overturned the Plessy V. Ferguson decision of 1896. The court ruled that "separate but equal" schools for black kids was inherently unequal which in turn means it was unconstitutional. The decision caused the uproar of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950's and 1960's. -
Desegregation
Desegregation was long a focus of the Civil Rights Movement, both before and after the United States Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, particularly desegregation of the school systems and the military. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks sat in a segregated bus, and refused to give up her seat to a white man. It sparked the 13-month Montgomery Bus Boycott and resulted in an early and significant victory for the Civil Rights movement. -
Rosa Parks
United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913) -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
This act outlawed segregation in public areas and granted the federal government power to fight black disfranchisement. The act also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to prevent discrimination in the work place. -
Orville Faubus
He was the Governor of Arkansas and is known for calling out the National Guard in an effort to stop integration of Central High by denying the "Little Rock Nine" entrance to the school. -
Sit-ins
These groups became the grassroots organizers of future sit-ins at lunch counters, wade-ins at segregated swimming pools, and pray-ins at white-only churches. By sitting in protest at an all-white lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, four college students sparked national interest in the push for civil rights. -
Hector P. Garcia
He helped create equality for mexican by helping mexican veterans file claims with the veteran administration. He purposely chose the name "American G.I. Forum" in order to emphasize the fact the members were american citizens and where entitled to their constitutional rights. -
Betty Friedan
Wrote "The Feminine Mystique," an account of housewives' lives in which they subordinated their own aspirations to the needs of men; bestseller was an inspiration for many women to join the women's rights movement later co-founded NOW (National Organization for Women) -
Affirmative Action
a policy of favoring members from a disadvantaged group who do or have suffered from discrimination within a culture. This policy is conducted in colleges alongside of a holistic approach to acceptance (academics, clubs, financial standing) -
Cesar Chavez
Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers. He helped to improve conditions for migrant farm workers and unionize them -
George Wallace
Four time governor of Alabama. Most famous for his pro-segregation attitude and as a symbol for states' rights. -
Civil Disobedience
Idea developed by Thoreau in response to the Mexican American War; refusal to obey unjust or immoral laws; non violence. -
Non Violent Protest
is the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, while being nonviolent. Leader was MLK. -
Lester Maddox
A populist Democrat, Maddox came to prominence as a segregationist, when he refused to serve black customers in his Atlanta restaurant, in defiance of the Civil Rights Act -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Is a landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. -
24th Amendment
The 24th amendment prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. -
Head Start
Head Start reflected the belief that quality early-childhood education could inoculate disadvantaged children against the turbulence of their home and neighborhood life. It was to be a cost-effective endeavor; an early investment in nurturing at-risk children would avert later strains on social services and the justice system. -
Veteran Acts of 1965
This act provides a lo- percent increase in compensation payments to all veterans with a service-connected disability. -
Upward Bound
Upward Bound provides fundamental support to participants in their preparation for college entrance. The program provides opportunities for participants to succeed in their precollege performance and ultimately in their higher education pursuits. Upward Bound serves: high school students from low-income families; and high school students from families in which neither parent holds a bachelor's degree -
26th Amendment
The 26th amendment prohibits the states and the federal government from using age as a reason for denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States who are at least eighteen years old. -
Title IX (9)
No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.
