Foundations of American Government

Sharecropping/ Tenant Farming

1861

1. Sharecropping was used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. (1861)
2. This had end in 1930s when Congress passed laws to help farmers acquire their own land.
3. When mechanization come out and growth, the decline of sharecroppers and tenant farmers in the twentieth century.

13th Amendment

1865

1. 13th Amendment – adopted in 1865, eight months after the civil war ended, the amendment forbade slavery in the United States.
2. Took Lincoln’s Executive Order (the Emancipation Proclamation) and made it a “fix” on the constitution.
3. An amendment was needed to ban slavery under the Constitution.

Black Codes

1865

1. local laws that attempted to control every aspect of Black life in many Southern cites; ranged from “stepping out of the way of a white person on the street” to “not making eye-contact with whites”.
2. The Black Codes were laws passed by Democrat-controlled Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War.
3. Black codes - laws passed by southern states that prevented voting, restricted freedom, & encouraged debt & low wage.

14th Amendment

1868

1. 14th Amendment – formers slaves were now American citizens (and should be treated equally). This amendment was designed to give qual citizenship to African Americans by preventing states from denying their rights.
2. Southern States were required to sign off on it before they were allowed back in to the U.S. (after the Civil War).
3. This amendment became necessary after Southern states passed Blacks Codes creating a second-class citizenship for blacks.

Lynching

1870

1. Originated as frontier justice killing someone (usually by hanging) deemed guilty of a crime without a trial or even proven to be guilty.
2. By the end of the Civil War this had changed into a way to control the Black population, mainly in the South.
3. Between 1870-1940 there were over 5,000 documented lynchings of Americans for alleged crimes ranging and there are 70% African American lynching. The last documented lynching was Michael Donald in 1980.

15th Amendment

1870

1. 15th Amendment - one of three amendments to the U.S. Constitution passed during the era of Reconstruction.
2. Former slaves had the right to vote (men).
3. Signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on August 6, 1965.

Jim Crow Laws

1896

1. Starting in 1896 with a "separate but equal" status for African Americans in railroad cars.
2. "Separate but equal" but it is not improve the life of African American.
3. Jim Crow Laws: laws put into place to separate African Americans from the Anglo population; form of social and political control.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896

1. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that states can constitutionally enact legislation requiring persons of different races to use “separate but equal” segregated facilities.
2. Example of Effects: Facilities such as bathrooms, theaters, railroad cars, etc., remained segregated and often unequal.
3. A landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court decided in 1896

Nonviolent Protest

1913

1. Best known for sit-ins and marches .
2. Nonviolent demonstrations for woman's suffrage in the United States led to the passage and ratification of the Constitutional amendment guaranteeing women the right to vote.(1913)
3. Those who participated in sit-ins, by provoking segregationists into angry responses, succeeded in winning sympathy from others.

19th Amendment

1919

1. Passed by Congress June 4, 1919.
2. This amendment give women right to vote.
3. It was the outcome of a decades-long movement called the women's suffrage movement.

20th Amendment

1933

1. This amendment was ratified on January 23, 1933.
2. If president die, vice president with qualified will become new president.
3. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January.

Federal Housing Authority

1934

1. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) is a United States government agency created in 1934.
2. It sets standards for construction and underwriting and insures loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building.
3. The goals are to improve housing standards and conditions, provide an adequate insurance of mortgage loans, and the mortgage market.

Desegregation

1948

1. By Executive Order, President Truman ended segregation in the military.
2. More than a million served.
3. Tuskegee Airmen - First black Marine Corps troops.

Martin Luther King Jr.

1950

1. Great leader of the Civil Rights Movement (1950), began SCLC.
2. Advocated nonviolent civil disobedience and demanded equal rights for Blacks. including desegregation in all public facilities and life.
3. Preacher, Known as a fiery and masterful speaker.

Civil Disobedience

1950

1. It was arguably during the abolitionist movement that civil disobedience first defined itself.
2. Against or refusal to comply with certain law, we will punishment, pay taxes and fine.
3. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr, James Bevel, Rosa Parks, and other activists in the American Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s used civil disobedience techniques.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954

1. Did not guarantee state discrimination in public education.
2. Public-school segregation unconstitutional.
3. Supreme Court ruling that ended segregation of public schools.

Rosa Parks

1955

1. Refused to give up her seat to a white man and arrest (1955).
2. Rosa worked closely with MLKjr in the Montgomery Bus Boycotts.
3. The Boycott was organized prior to Parks’s arrest.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955

1. Ended with SCOTUS case Browder v Gayle that said segregated buses were unconstitutional.
2. A major victory for the civil rights movement.
3. Segregation on buses ended in Montgomery.

Orville Faubus

1955

1. Governor of Arkansas (1955).
2. Best known for his stand in the desegregation of Little Rock High School where he ordered Arkansas National Guard to stop African American students from entering the school.
3. President Eisenhower sent the U.S. Army to escort the students to and from school for a year.

Civil Rights Act of 1957

1957

1. 1st civil rights legislation since Reconstruction.
2. Established Federal Civil Rights Commission - investigates discrimination.
3. Protected voting rights and Prevented interference in voting.

Sit-ins

1960

1. Most well known sit-ins happened in Greensboro North Carolina.
2. University student who sat at a “whites only” counter and were refused service, refused to leave until the store closed. (1960)
3. The protest in a matter of days went from 4 students to over 300.

Affirmative action

1961

1. Affirmative action is a intended to provide equal opportunities for members of minority groups and women in education and employment.
2. Affirmative action policies initially focused on improving opportunities for African Americans in employment and education.
3. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy became the first to utilize the term "affirmative action" because he want every body is fair and no racism.

George Wallece

1962

1. Governor of Alabama. (1962)
2. Ran for U.S. President 4 times.
3. Pro-segregation "Jim Crow" during the 20th century period of the Civil Rights Movement.

Cesar Chavez

1962

1. He was an American labor leader and civil rights activist person, and who co-founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962.
2. In 1939, he had encountered to the bad conditions: wretched migrant camps, corrupt labor contractors, meager wages for backbreaking work, bitter racism.
3. Many school, park and street use his name after he die because he is a major historical icon for the Latino community.

Civil Right Act of 1964

1964

1. Abolished racial, religious, & sex discrimination by employers.
2. Could not be denied hire or fired for any of the above reasons.
3. Ended unfair voting requirements.

24th Amendment

1964

1. Passed in 1964.
2. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the 24th Amendment.
3. Prevents Congress & the States from requiring a “poll” tax before you can vote.

Veteran Rights Act of 1965

1965

1. Prohibited racial discrimination when voting: like poll taxes, literacy tests, etc
2. Strengthened enforcement of 15th Amendment
3. Banned literacy tests as qualifications for voting.

Head Start

1965

1. Head Start was born of President Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty in the middle of the civil rights movement of the 1960s.
2. A program to help meet the social, health, and psychological needs of preschool-aged children from low-income families.
3. It is create by President Lyndon B. Johnson and start in 1965

Upward Bound

1965

1. it is a program to help poor children have education and opportunities for attending college within the United States.
2. It was begin in 1965 in response to the administration's War on Poverty.
3. Upward Bound grants are results-based, with the level of success determined largely from highly structured annual reports.

Betty Friedan

1966

1. Friedan co-founded and was elected the first president of the National Organization for Women. (1966)
2. She is a author who had write a book name The Feminine Mystique and a influential author and intellectual in the United States. (1963)
3. She is a leading figure in the women's movement in the United States.

Thurgood Marshall

1967

1. Argued and won Brown v. Board of Education.
2. Distinguished lawyer and 1st African American Supreme Court Justice. (1967)
3. Established a record form supporting the voiceless American.

Lester Maddox

1967

1. Governor of Georgia. (1967)
2. Former restaurant owner who refused to serve Blacks.
3. However he oversaw many improvements to Black employment rights as governor.

Hector P. Garcia

1968

1. Hector Perez Garcia was a World War II veteran, civil rights advocate, and founder of the American G.I. Forum.
2. He was a recognized voice for Mexican Americans in the post-World War II era.
3. He was appointed to the United States Commission on Civil Rights in 1968.

26th Amendment

Mar 23, 1971

1. Passed by Congress March 23, 1971.
2. Prohibits the Federal government & the States from denying the ability to vote based on age - thus lowering the voting age to 18 (it had been 21).
3. During World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt lowered the minimum age for the military draft age to 18.

Title IX

1972

1. Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 is a federal law that states don't take away benefit or racism on the basis of sex.
2. One section of this law, Title IX, prohibits discrimination against girls and women in federally-funded education.
3. This law signed by President Richard M. Nixon on June 23, 1972.