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School Museums became more profound in the US.
During this decade, school museums became in existence and used for instructional media purposes. -
First Museum was opened
Opened in St. Louis, Missouri and shortly after, two more museums opene in Reading, PN and Cleveland, OH. -
Motion picture projector
This type of media was one of the first media devices used within schools in the 19th century. -
United States published the 1st catalog of instructional films
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School's using films for teaching
The public schools in New York were the first to adapt the concept of using flims for teaching purposes (Rochester, NY). -
Educational Film was produced
First education film was being produced to be used as an instructional media piece. -
First Catalog for instructional film
The first catalog of instructional film was published during this time in the US. New York was the first state to implement films into their teaching on a regular basis during this year too. -
"books will be obsolete..." (1914-1924)
Thomas Edison predicted that, "Books will soon be obsolete in the schools... it is possible to teach every branch of human knowledge with the motion picture. Our school system will be completely changed in the next ten years." -
Thomas Edison quotes on books
Thomas Edison proclaimed, “Books will soon be obsolete in the schools… It is possible to teach every branch of human knowledge with the motion picture. Our school system will be completely changed in the next ten years (1914-1923).” -
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Major booms for visual instructional
Multiple organizations for visual instruction were established during this length of time. Five journals that were focused on this type of instruction were being publicized and many teacher-based preparation universities were starting to offer courses for visual instruction as well. -
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VIsual Instruction/Audiovisual Movement
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Technology advances (1920s-1930s)
There were many technology advances for instructional pruposes from the late 1920 through the early 1930s. Some examples of the different media that was introduced to help increase interest in instructional media were the radio, broadcasting, sound recordings, and sound motion picture. -
What is Visual Instruction?
Visual Instruction was defined as the enrichment of education through the ‘seeing experience’ with the use of all types of visual aids such as the excursion, flat pictures, models, exhibits, charts, maps, graphs, stereographs, stereopticon slides, and motion pictures. -
Visual Instructional Movement
During the 1920s, there was a massive increase for instructional media usage within public schools. They were using media’s such as films, pictures and lantern slides. This was also known as the ‘visual instructional movement.’ -
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VI textbooks
During the 1920s through the 1930s, many textbooks on visual instruction were being published. -
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Visual to Audio Instruction
The focus of the instructional field began to shift from visual instruction to audiovisual instruction due to the fact of a boom in sound recordings, radio broadcasting, and motion pictures. -
DVI was created
DVI (Department of Visual Instruction was created in 1923 and has mainted a leadership role in the field of instructional design and technology. -
Edison's prediction did not come about
By the end of the ten year period Edison was referring to with the instructional technology boon (1914-1924), sadly there was no revoluntary changes within education. This was predicted from Cuban (1986) because there was insufficent funds all over to keep up with the upkeep of the machines and maintance of the films. -
Great Depression
Many companies developed during this era will have lost millions of dollars by 1930 due to the Great Depression (McCluskey, 1981). -
Great Depression effects visual movement in instruction
During this year the Great Depression was taking effect on the boom of visual instruction and many commercial investments lost a total of $50 million. -
The Radio boom
In the 1930s, the Radio began to gain lots of attention here because people believed that this would revolutionize education. Ultimately, the radio had very minimal effects on education. -
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World War II
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War Training Films were created
The federal government estabilished training films and produced over 450 films. These films helped to reduce the training time without having a negative impact on training effectiveness. -
Instructional Media devices produced during War
Many different medias of instructional technology were created during the time of the war. Some of the devices that were introduced into this era were the overhead projector, slide projectors, audio equipment, simulators and training devices. All of the devices were used to teach aircraft and ship recognition, learnign foreign languages, and help increase their knowledge for flight training. -
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WWII & Instructional Media
Through 1943 to 1946, there was a massive boom in instructional media during the time of WWII showing training films and filmstrips to United States Military personnel. This also helped prepare the US civilians to work in industry. -
Television was created
the most important device created in the audiovisual movement was the television for delivering instruction. -
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The science of learning & the art of teaching
Two researchers came up tiwth the idea which was a huge hit that helped teach information in small steps, tested each person and gave results. This method was used to show how well each person was understanding the information, showing where their weaknesses stood and allowed the student to pace themselves at their own level. This process could be called the minor revolution in the field of education. -
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growth of instructional television
There was major funding during this time period that was given by the Ford Foundation. There was roughly $170 million worth spend on educational television during this time span. Much of the funding during this time helped for schol systems (colleges, junior-colleges,..) to increase their reserach capacities via television. -
Educational Channels on TV
The Federal Communications Commission set asside over 240 channels just from educational purposes. This helps spurr the growth of instructional television. -
Increase in television channels till 1960
This helped the boom of televisions within the home. -
CAI - Computer-Assisted Instruction
Developed during the 1950s, by researchers at IBM. One of the first programs that was designed was made for a public school. -
Sputnik was launched
The Soviet Union launched the first orbitting space satellite titled Sputnik. The US was pretty jealous of this major technology that was developed so we poured tons of money into improving the math and science education within the nation. Many methods were produced but weren't productive. -
Computers in higher levels of education
All during the 1960s, CAI began to appear in public schools (K-12) and at the university/college levels. Come the end of the 1960s into the 1970s, CAI began to fall off on how much it was used during this period. -
Book Published on behaviors
In the early 1960s, Robert Mager published a book on how to describe through writing others learning behaviors and why they are performed. This has become a very popular book and has been republished multiple times. This book would be great for professors in learning how to teach their students because not one student learns in the same way. -
Instrucitonal Technology Definition
During this year, Instructional technology definition was officially approved by a major professional organization. They stated that the field was not simply about media but more along the lines of a step process for learning. This involves planning, production, selection, utilization, and management. -
Education Technology
Lumsdaine indicated that educational technology could be thought of as the application of science to instructional practices. These views are being pushed more towards a process rather than a theory. -
The Condition of Learning was published
This book was published during the year of 1965. It described many differnt types of learning outcomes but focused on five particular ones-- verbal information, intellectual skills, psychomotor skills, attitudes, and cognitive strategies. All of these types of learning are described and show how to promotoe learning through these. -
Contributors to TIP views
Contributors to TIP in the 1970s and 1980s argued that learning theories should make sense of the ways in which the learner contributes to his or her own learning process. -
1970s definition for Instructional Technology
A new definition came to terms by describing instructional technology as a process. This definition, ‘goes beyond any particular medium or device. IN this sense, instructional technology is more than the sum of its parts. It is a systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the whole process of learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives, based on research on human learning and communication, and employing a combination of human and nonhuman resources to bring -
AECT adopted knew definition
The Association for Educational Communication and Technology (AECT) adopted a new was to define the field of learning. The definition goes, ‘ Educational technology is a complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices, and organization, for analyzing problems and devising, implementing, evaluating, and managing solutions to those problems, involved in all aspects of human learning.’ -
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Computers to general public
This was the time frame where computers were becoming readily available to the public. The major interest in these devices helped boom the increase towards using these as educational purposes. -
Computers in Schools
As 1983 rolls in the new year, computers were being found in over 40% of elementary schools and 75% of secondary schools in the US for educational purposes. Many teachers around this time were mroe on the cusp of using laptops in their classrooms over desktops because they were compact, easy to work with, and could do all the same things as a desktop could do. -
Instructional Media Definition
At the beginning of the year, instructional media was defined as using any form of media (verbally teaching, a computer, a textbook, audio lecture…) would be classified as a medium for instructional media. -
1990 Definition of Instructional Technology
Another definition was developed and was described in a short and concise way. The AECT states, ‘Instructional technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning.’ -
1994 redefines Instructional Technology
The definition continues to involves more of pulling old definitions, redefining them into new ones. So taking early terms described this as theory and practice and conforming that to adding research and studies as well. -
4C/ID model was proposed
The 4C/ID model was first proposed by van Merrienboer. He collaborated with Kirschner on this model, and wrote a book called the Ten Steps to Complex Learning. They mentioned when using the Ten-Step approach that one should define what specifically what the learning tasks are for a complex learner and use those to perform following instruction. -
Computers within buisness are seen
During 1999, the business industry was using computers to help with only 10% of the training. This was the beginning to become more relevent in the coming years. -
Online courses of Education become more common
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Pebble-in-the-Pond model was developed
Merrill familiarized the Pebble-In-The-Pond approach for instructional design. This person wanted to make this so the problem was the core of the ripple with the progression, components, strategy, interface and evaluation to be the ripples surrounding it/stemming from the pebble. This is based for a design model. -
Traditional Instructional Design was created
The “traditional” instructional design model was created by Dick, Carey, and Carey. The design is based off ideas with arrows stemming to the next (one-way arrows) and the boxes stemming in straight lines. Clean & Crisp views -
Computers boom in business & industry
A survey revealed in 2008 that "more than 30 percent of the total amount of training hours during this year was presented via technology, with more than 24 percent of that training delivered online." -
Online Courses for Learning
In the fall of 2008, millions of students were said to be taking online courses offered at the hihgher levels of education within the US. This showed a 17% increase from the previous year. -
Book was published by AECT committee
The AECT committee produced a book that presented a new definition of the field of educational technology. In this book, the committee describes the definition as, “Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources.” -
ADDIE model was developed
Molenda states that the ADDIE ID model develops from oral tradition rather than being known for as one single author. ADDIE organized way to develop an idea or concept. IT begins with Analyze to design, followed with developing then implementing and finally evaluate the idea. -
Increase of computers in classrooms
Over the past decade, there has been a 30% increase in how accessible the Internet has become in classrooms for educational purposes. The teachers are having their students use this media of technology for solving problems, analyzing data, performing calculations, developing presentations, creating art, and learning different types of music. -
Social Media for Education
Since 1999, there has a been a dramatic increase in the use of computers and how developed the internet with communication has become. During 2010, a study was done and showed that over half of the staff in higher education (college/university level) were using different forms of social media to promote instructional learning. Some examples of social media that was used and is on the rise are watching/making online videos, making/reading blogs, and searching the web for information.