First Semester Timeline

By KristinaLopez
  • Period: 1434 to 1464

    Cosimo de' Medici

    Cosimo de' Medici played a great role in the Italian Renaissance where he patronized art, humanism and was one of the founders that ruled Florence.
  • Period: 1450 to 1485

    War of Roses

  • Period: 1450 to

    Hanseatic League

    To facilitate trade and protect mutal interests
  • Period: 1452 to 1519

    Leonardo de' Vinci

  • 1453

    End of 100 yr War

  • 1453

    Fall of Constantinople and Byzantine Empire

  • 1454

    Peace of Lodi

    An agreement to put an end to the wars on Lombardy.
  • 1456

    Gutenberg's Bible

    First true movable type.
  • 1460

    Pius II Issues the Papal Bull "Execrabilis"

  • Period: 1461 to 1483

    King Louis XI

    The advancement of territorial state during his reign.
  • Period: 1469 to 1492

    Lorenzo (the Magnificent) de' Medici

    Lorenzo the Magnificent was the most enthusiastic and patron of the Italian Renaissance where he also held a lot of power.
  • 1471

    Print of Elegance of Latin Language

    This was one of the first handheld printings relating to the literature of the 15th century.
  • Period: 1471 to 1528

    Albrecht Durer

    One of the northern artists of this later period. He wrote treatises on the laws of perspective and Renaissance theories of religion.
  • Period: 1473 to 1543

    Copernicus

    Challenged the geocentric view on the universe. He presented readers with a heliocentric view.
  • Period: 1474 to 1504

    Isabella of Castile

  • 1478

    Introduction of the Inquisition

  • Period: 1478 to 1529

    "The Book of the Courtier" by Castiglion

    The philosophical book demonstrating what the ideal courtier should be. He further explains that a prince should be feared than loved.
  • Period: 1478 to 1535

    Thomas More

    More's religious beliefs and devotion in the Catholic church led to the end of his life as the Church had not allowed for the divorce of King Henry III.
  • Period: 1479 to 1504

    Ferdinand of Aragon

  • Period: 1483 to 1520

    Raphael

  • 1488

    Cape of Good Hope Return to Portugal

    This led to commercial trading posts while ending trade with Asia ad commerce shifted to the Atlantic.
  • Period: 1490 to 1510

    New Monarchs

    First lady of Renaissance was Isabella D'este. She was an art patron who collected works
  • Period: 1491 to 1556

    Ignatius Loyola

    One of the individuals who stood in the stage center of the Counter-reformation. He had similarly endured challenges in religion as Luther had, but he offered his will to God and created the Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits.
  • 1492

    Expulsion of the Jews by Ferdinand and Isabella

  • 1494

    Charles VIII Invasion

    Charles VII had led the invasion of France by Italy with an army of 30 occupied kingdoms on Naples.
  • Period: 1495 to 1564

    Michelangelo

  • 1500

    The Columbian exchange

    Occurring in the late 15th century to help propel Spin into the spotlight of the European Exploration. Age of Discovery was more than just the search for gold, silver, and spices. Consequences included European disease.
  • 1500

    Price Revolution

    Western European state economies experienced an uprise and high demand for sales and prices. This was due to the demand for gold and silver from the New World.
  • 1500

    80 Cities of the Hanseatic League

    This began as the center development of territorial gain.
  • Period: 1500 to

    Africans compromised the largest group of people transported to new world.

  • Period: 1500 to

    Capitalism

    An economic system to produce more economies. Their desire was to earn profits. As commercial capitalism expanded wealth and power of bourgeoise did (middle class).
  • Period: 1501 to 1504

    The Building of the Infamous Statue of David

  • 1502

    Expulsion of the Muslims by Ferdinand and Isabella

  • Period: 1509 to 1547

    King Henry VIII

    King Henry III had initiated the Protestant Reformation as he had wanted to divorce his first with Catherine of Aragon, but when the Catholic church rejected the divorce he had broken off from the church to be the head if the Chruch of England.
  • Period: 1509 to 1564

    Jon Calvin

    Calvin had gained influenced by Martin Luther. The religious crisis he endured laid the foundations for his books that disseminated protestant relgious ideas.
  • 1511

    Control of Sejm

    Also known as the national diet, the peasantry was "reduced" to serfdom.
  • 1511

    The Praise of Folly

    Written by Erasmus as it was "a little diversion from his serious work. Erasmus belittles the monks in humor.
  • 1512

    French Defeat

    The French defeat the Spanish established by the Medici.
  • 1513

    The Prince

    This famous book was a treatise on political power.
  • 1516

    Latin Translation of the New Testament

    Erasmus believed Latin standard edition of the Bible, with a new Latin translation.
  • 1516

    Utopia Publication

    The publication by More led to an incredible dispute of controversy. "This masterpiece is an account of the idealistic life and institutions of the community of Utopia."
  • 1517

    Indulgence to Finance St. Peter's

    Pope Leo X had issued indulgences to finance St. Peter's Basilica.
  • 1517

    Luther and the Ninety-Five Thesis

    Nailed to the Wuttensburg Castle Church. The Ninety-Five Thesis was an everlasting descriptive list of the challenges held within the church.
  • Period: 1519 to 1521

    Hernando Cortes Conquering of the Aztec Empire

  • 1520

    The Peasant's War

    This was Luther's greatest challenge. As the peasants revolted against state officials for more power, Luther did not subside with the revolt but did condemn the overall idea of revolting
  • 1521

    Diet of Worms

    Called upon by Charles V, this had declared the Edict of worms issuing Luther as an outlaw and excommunicated by the church.
  • Period: 1521 to 1544

    Habsburg- Vaolis Wars

    "This was to attempt to prevent Charles from concentrating on the Lutheran problem in Germany."
  • 1527

    Sack of Rome

  • 1528

    Zwingli's Reform Movement

    Zwingli's reform movement began to face serious political issues. In an attempt to stop Habsburg forces, he created Angelican cities while partnering with HRE and Luther.
  • 1529

    End of Second Habsburg- Valois War

    Charles was ready to deal with HRE, yet politics was not in his favor
  • 1531

    Swiss Civil War

  • 1534

    Act of Supremacy

    Parliament had officially broken away from the Church of England. This meant that the king/ English monarch now controlled the matters of doctrine.
  • Period: 1545 to 1563

    Council of Trent

    The council had reacted against the Protestants and reaffirmed traditional beliefs.
  • Period: 1546 to 1555

    Schmalkaldic Wars

    Violence from the forces between Emperor Charles V and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic Wars.
  • Period: 1553 to 1558

    Queen Mary

    Mary was Henry VIII's daughter who intended to restore Catholicism in England. Her passion and rage led to the burning of individuals who disagreed with her.
  • 1555

    Peace of Augsbrg

    Gave each German prince to dictate the religion of faith.
  • Period: 1556 to

    King Philip II of Spain

    Goals to primarily consolidate lands that belonged to father. He was combative and aggressive while advocating Catholicism. He had inherited government structure allowing him to expand Spanish royal authority.
  • Period: 1558 to

    Elizabeth of England (reign)

    King Henry VII and Anne Boyeln's daughter (Boyeln was behead). Her religious policy centered compromise as Mary's legislation was repelled.
  • 1562

    Duke of Guise Massacres Huguenot Congregation at Vassy

  • Period: 1562 to

    The French Wars of Religion

    The French Wars of Religion were of the first wars to be primarily fought for religious purposes. The French kings had tried to stop and end the Huguenots (French Calvinists). It had also occurred due to French Monarchial power.
  • Period: 1564 to

    Galileo Galilei

    Formulate laws of motion. One of the first to use the telescope.
  • Period: 1571 to

    Kepler

    Three Laws of Planetary Motion:
    - planets revolve around the sun in ellipses
    - planets orbit more rapidly near the sun
    - time for planet orbits and proportionate to distance from the sun.
  • 1572

    Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

    The massacre of Huguenots while Calvinists and Catholic parties restored relations-following Charles IX's marriage.
  • 1576

    Formation of Holy League

    Created in an attempt to restore Huegenot religion, were ultra- Catholics vowed to eliminate heresy.

  • Edict of Nantes

    Granted Huguenots the limited freedom to worship in designated areas.
  • Period: to

    Oliver Cromwell

    The Commonwealth abolished the monarchy. in 1653 he took the title, Lord Protector. He also crushed royalists and replaced Catholic landowners.
  • Period: to

    James I Reign

    Believed in the Divine Right of Kings that authority came directly from God. "The True Law f Free Monarchies" where he stated that kings are even called gods by God himself.

  • Amsterdam Exchange Bank

    One of the "safest, soundest banks of Europe" due to trade route shifts of the Atlantic.
  • Period: to

    The Thirty Years' War

    The Bohemian Phase (1618-1625): began as a religious civil war between Catholics and Protestants.
    The Danish Phase (1625-1629): Dutch and English intervened to support Protestants.
    The Sweden Phase (1630-1635): Gustavus Adolphus wanted cohesive army with weaponry to create brilliant military strategies to prevents Habsburgs from uniting the German States.
    The French Phase (1635-1648): France intervened while being on protestant side to destroy German commerce.
  • Period: to

    Charles Reign

    Like his father (James I) he believed in the divine right of kings. He opposed Puritans and supported the Anglican church. His Petition of Right in 1628 was an agreement by Charles I to return grants for money. He had recalled Parliament into session upon a constitutional and religious crisis.
  • Period: to

    John Locke

    • "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" argue mind was blank state as of birth
  • Period: to

    The English Civil War

    Led by Oliver Cromwell to defeat Calivers (aristocrats, nobles and church officials who were loyal to king), Roundheads (Puritans, townspeople and mid-class businessmen), and execute Charles I.
  • Period: to

    Sir Isaac Newton

    The Law of Gravitation published the "Principia," concise formula of celestial and terrestrial motion.
  • Period: to

    Louis XIV Reign

    "I Am the State." He was arguably the most powerful French. He continued to reduce French nobility political power. He understood art as a form of propaganda leading the Versailles Palace to show France's political dominance, power and show the King's absolute power.

  • Peace of Westphalia

    Rulers were allowed to decide religious faith in their territory.

  • Navigation Act

    The act barred Dutch ships from trade between others and England.
  • Period: to

    Peter the Great Reign

    Peter vowed to transform Russia into great power through Westernization. He built the St. Petersburg Basilica to symbolize his power and new Russian society. He also exploited the serfs and placed a beard tax amongst individuals.

  • The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

    This was King Louis' goal of having "one king, one law, one faith." He was supported by the French Catholic clergy and Jesuits to order all children baptized as Catholics. Frederick the Gret later benefited.
  • Period: to

    James II Reign

    He antagonized Whigs and Tories with policies while appointing Catholics to positions of power.
  • Period: to

    William and Mary

    In 1689 Parliament Required the two to pass the Bill of Rights. The Glorious Revolution was in favor of William and Mary.
  • Period: to

    Montesquieu

    His view was to limit abuses of royal absolutism. Concluded to the ideal government of separated powers amongst executive, legislative and judicial branches.
  • Period: to

    Voltaire

    Championed religious tolerance. Directed his stinging barbs at the intolerance of Christianity, both protestant and Catholic.
  • Period: to

    The War of the Spanish Succession

    This proved to be a costly struggle in an attempt to strengthen the power of Louis. Nations of Europe combined forces to from Grand Alliance.
  • Period: to

    Jean-Jacques Rousseau

    -Presented ideas of education in the novel "Emile."
    -Key Principles of Natural Edu:
    a. Children are entitled to edu.
    b. education must be individualized
    c. children should be encouraged to draw their own conclusions from experience, "discovery learning"
    -committed to defending individual freedom
    -changing existing social order
    he distrusted reason and science and listened to emotion and spontaneous feeling

  • Treaty of Utrecht

    Created a new balance of power. Spanish Netherlands became the Austrian Netherlands. The Elector of Brandenburg was recognized as King of Prussia.

  • Pragmatic Sanction

    Sentenced by Charles VI of HRE to ensure Habsburg hereditary possessions through a force of law.
  • Period: to

    Adam Smith

    He was a strong advocate of Laissez-Faire Economics. He combined ideas into applications of natural law. His book "The Wealth of Nations" is a landmark book that gave birth to classical economic thought. This book stated governments must not interfere with functioning of market. In a free market, self- regulated economic systems are apparent. "Self- interest drives actions."