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Systematic Approach to Training
During the WWII era, a systematic approach was taken to training. A scientific methodology was adopted to eliminate nonproductive time (Estep, 2008).
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Evolution of the Training Profession
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American Society of Training Directors
ASTD - was formed for leadership in training.
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"J" Programs - Train-the-Trainer
Maslow, Lewin, and Skinner's theories are used in training. Group dynamics and observable behaviors are introduced to create a more efficient system and retain workers (Estep, 2008).
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Behaviorism
B. F. Skinner's book, Science and Human Behavior was published. Job analysis and individualized instruction was introduced. Material is divided into small steps and direct feedback is obtained.
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Bloom's Taxonomy
Benjamin Bloom created a classification of learning objectives that promote higher levels of thinking skills. The taxonomy is applied to training, so objectives can be written for specific skill, knowledge, and attitude outcomes.
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Jean Piaget and Constructivism
Though used formally in later years, the basics of Constructivism created an awareness of cognitive development as it relates to training.
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Mager's Instructional Objectives
Robert F. Mager advanced the training profession by creating a model that developed criterion-reference objectives. These objectives described specific, observable behaviors that could be used to assess performance (Estep, 2008).
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ASTD Name Change
The word development is adopted into training to incorporate wider responsibilities and common language.
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Technology Blend
In the 1970's both social and technical systems made an impact on training and instruction.
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Self-Awareness and Group Dynamics
During the 1970's a social movement of social-issues and self-awareness led to sensitivity training and case study methodology. These influenced training by teaching through objectives and predicting the behaviors of employees (Estep, 2008).
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The Adult Learner; by Malcolm Knowles
Adult learning is introduced, and five key principles are applied.
- adults need self-direction
-prior knowledge is expounded
-readiness to learn is considered
-immediate use of knowledge is predominant
-motivation is essential
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Principles of Instructional Design
Gange and Briggs write a book that puts cognitivism in the forefront. Constructivism and cognitivism focus on the processing of information and background knowledge. This advances training because using higher levels of thinking creates a stronger workforce.
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Return on Investment (ROI)
With the slow-down of productivity in the 1980's, organizations had to cut training programs or prove their value. ROI increased the importance and focus of the training profession.
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Human Resource Development
With the influx of women in in the workplace, the role of training expanded to include, "the integrated use of training and development, organization development, and career development to improve individual, group, and organizational effectiveness"(Estep, 2008, para.49). The training profession was influenced by HRD because of the changes in the diversity and culture of the workforce.
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Technology and E-learning
The early use of technology and e-learning followed early theories but did not keep learners engaged. Technology influenced the evolution of the training profession by bringing about new ways to look at the old theories.
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Office of Work-Based Learning
During the 1990's, training gained validity through the endorsement of Bill Clinton and the creation of The Office of Work-Based Learning. The training profession evolved to include customer and international focus while including modern family issues.
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Measurement
A variety of cognitive and evaluation theories influence training. Knowles, Gagne, Bloom, and Mager, Kirkpatrick's theories are incorporated into the modern workplace. Each model has evolved and is applied to fit diverse situations.
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Association for Talent Development
The WLP Scorecard is developed to provide a structure for benchmarks, compare information, track progress, and make informed decisions about learning. Managing talent becomes the focus of the training profession.
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Collaborative Learning and Web 2.0 Technologies
Enhanced technologies and growth in e-learning content have developed into enriched collaborative learning. The use of technology lets people learn what they want, when they want, and how they want. The training profession has developed into a blend of classroom and online training.
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