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Early Schooling
In early schooling, educational approach maintained that the students were “empty vessels” and that the teacher could pour knowledge into them. This approach to learning became known as “pedagogy”. -
Continuing Education
The first school began the concept of continuing education. The Chautauqua Lake Sunday School Assembly began as an educational experiment in out-of-school, vacation learning. It was successful and moved beyond courses for just Sunday school teachers, but to also include academic subjects, music, art and physical education. -
Piaget: Constructivism
Piaget began interviews by asking children standardized questions and depending on how they answered, he would ask them a series of nonstandard questions. He was looking for what he called "spontaneous conviction" so he often asked questions the children neither expected nor anticipated. He believed that children children moved from a place of egocentrism to sociocentrism. -
Hawthorne Effect
Elton Mayo and colleagues studied physical, environmental, & psychological influences of the workplace.The idea was that the social dynamics of groups in the work setting had lasting influence. Four conclusions were drawn: aptitudes=imperfect predictors, relationships matter, work-group norms affect productivity, & workplace=social system. -
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. "According to this principle, behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is less likely to be repeated." -
E-Learning
The first computer based training program was introduced to the world. This CBT program was known as PLATO-Programmed Logic for Automated Teaching Operations. In the 70s, e-learning began becoming more interactive with a focus of distance learning. -
Malcolm Shepard Knowles
According to Malcolm Knowles, andragogy is the art and science of adult learning. Andragogy refers to any form of adult learning. According to Knowles, adult learners differ from children in the following six ways: need for knowledge, motivation, willingness, experience, self-direction, & orientation to learn. -
ADDIE Model
The ADDIE Model provides such a process in five steps: 1) Analysis: Determine and define training, if appropriate
2) Design: Define objectives, build program, choose methods
3) Development: Conduct pilot courses using all materials
4) Implementation: Implement ‘version 1’ of the training, evaluate it and refine it
5) Evaluation: Perform evaluation at milestones to ensure goals are being met -
Zone of Proximal Development
The ZPD refers to the difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner. Thus, the term “proximal” refers those skills that the learner is “close” to mastering. -
Howard Gardner
According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, humans have several different ways of processing information, and these ways are relatively independent of one another. Gardner has identified eight intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. Himself and colleagues have also considered two additional intelligences, existential and pedagogical -
Kolb Experimental Learning Model
Kolb's experiential learning theory works on two levels: a four-stage cycle of learning and four separate learning styles. Kolb states that learning involves the acquisition of abstract concepts that can be applied flexibly in a range of situations. -
Jack Mezirow
Transformational learning theory states how adults learn through aha moments. The theory is based on the belief that learning takes place when the new meaning is imparted to an earlier experience or an old meaning is reinterpreted and seen in new light. In the this learning theory, there are three stages of learning: identification of dilemma or crisis, establishment of personal relevance, and critical thinking.
