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Period: to
1954-1975
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The Domino Theory
After Dwight D Eisnehower becaome president he warned that if Vietnam fell to communism the southeast Asian countries would follow. The United States sent arms, ammunition, supplies and money to French forces in Vietnam. Despite the massive US aid, the French were losing, suffereing defeat after defeat. The french forces @ Dien Bien Phu surrendered to the Viethinh. -
Brown v. Board of Education
The Supreme Court was aware of the case's great significance (Briggs&Brown cases). The Court alson considered researching about segregation's effects on African American children. In one study, black children were shown dolls that were identical except for skin color. This test suggester that segregation had harmed the self-image of young students. "Does segregation of children in school soly on the basic of race, deprive the children of minority groups of equal education privolges?"Earl Warren -
Geneva Conference
After the French surrenders, representatives from France, Vietnam and many more gathered in Geneva, Switzerland. The goal of the Geneva Confernce was to work out a peace agreement and arrange for Indochina's future. A demilitarized zone along the 17th parallel would act as a bufffer zone to prevent fighting between the North and South -
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
African American riders who made up 2/3 of the bus passengers were forbidden from sitting in the front row, which were reserved for Whites only. Local groups had sought to end segregation on the busses but didnt take action until 1955. Rosa Parks, a African American women sat in the front row of the bus, refused to give it to a white and was the arrested. NAACP organized that 90% of Africans to stay off the bus. The group selected Martin Luther King Jr. to be the leader of the NAACP. -
Little Rock Crisis
Little Rock, Arkansas was another trouble spot with segration in schools. In 1957 Governor Orval Fabubus viollated a federal court order to integrate Little Rock's Centeral High School. On September 4th 1957 a crowd of angry whites harassed the 9 black students as they arrived for the first day of school. "blood would run in the streets" one threated if they tried to go to school. The Guard was sent out to defend the "Little Rock 9"but they made no effort to protect them from the hostile crowd. -
Fidel Castro
Fidel Castro is a Cuban communist revolutionary that threaten the United States of American with the Cuban missile crisis in October 1962. It was a major off run of the Cold war. It lasted 13 Days. for an agreement the Soviets would wthdrawal of the Soviet Union's nuclear missiles from Cuba and the United States would have to withdrawal of certain United States' nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy -
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia. He was a leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent. He was murdered on April 4, 1968 by a gun man in the city of Mephis Tennessee -
Election of 1960
The election of 1960 was the closest in American history between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy. Kennedy played on the nation's Cold War fears by claiming the United States had fallen behind the Soviet Union in the development of nuclear missiles. Kennedy's victory by a 303-219 margin in the electoral college was more comfortable. -
Kennedy's New Frontier Plan
many people saw Kennedy as a new, youthful president often playing with his children&family. Many Americans liked Kennedy's more than his New Frontier. Kennedy New frontier plan was his campaign Pledge. The plan included increase aid to education, provided healthcare to elderly, create a department of Urban Affairs, help migrant workers, and the space race. He was very limited because he didn't receiver a mandate. He fought to reduce taxes for unemployment. -
The Bay of Pigs Invasion
Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba in 1959. His government seized private businesses, including American companies on the island. Also Castro began making anti-American speeches. Castro signed a trade agreement with Soviet Union in February. Kennedy was assured that the invasion would be a success and he gave the go-ahead. It was a disaster. The New York TImes reported the plan a week before the invasion began. The land invasion on April 17 had little time for success and fought for 3 days. -
Freedom Riders
The success of the students sit-ins inspired the CORE to plan its own nonviolent action in 1961. Members of CORE decided to draw attention to the situation by sending a group of Freedom Riders on a bus trip through the South. At each stop the riders would go into the whites-only waiting rooms and try to use facilities such as bathrooms and lunch counters. In Anniston, Alabama a mob firebombed the bus and beat the Freedom Riders as they escaped. Others attacked with baseball bats and metal pipes. -
The Space Program
Kennedy's foreign-policey crises helped to create the program that came to symbolie the New Frontier-the exploration of space. In April 1961 soviets launched the first human into space in a one-orbit flight. In May 1961 Kennedy made a bold proposal to Congress to restore American's world prestige. "This nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth." -John F. Kennedy, May 25, 1961 -
Cuban Americans
After Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba in 1959 many Cubans fled Castro's Communist govement for the U.S. After 78,000 Cubans left and Castro banned further emigration. About 50,000 people left on flights allowed b Cuban government. they did not generally suffer the econimic disadvantages that prompted other Latino groups to demand social justice. Seeking changes for Cuba- the overthrow of Castro and communism and not for themeselves. -
Cuban Missile Crisis
U.S actions in the Bay of Pigs and Berlin crises encouraged hard-line leaders in the Soviet Union. They pushed Khrushchev to be more aggressive. The Soviets were also concerned about nuclear missiles the U.S had placed in Turkey. Soviet Union's put similar missiles near the southern border of the U.S. Khrushchev decided to upgrade Cuba's defenses with antiaircraft weapons called SAMS. Moscow told the U.s if they attack on Cuba it would mean war. 10/26/62 Cuba took out missiles. U.S never invaded -
Integrating Higher Education
The NAACP pushed ahead with its legal campaign against school segregation. It had expanded its efforts to include colleges and universities. In 1961 the organiztion obtained a court order requiring the University of Georgia to admit 2 African American students. James Meredith attemped to enroll at the University of Mississippi.They rejected him because "solely because he was a Negro" Govenor Wallance say "this action is in violation of roghts resereved to the state by the Constitution of the US" -
The Birmingham Campaign
Birmingham was known for its strict enforcement of segregation. King raised several hundred thousand dollars to fund a campaign against Birmingham's segregation laws. Volunteers taught local Africans nonviolence tequniues in the city's African churches. On April 12 King&hundreds more were arrested&jailed. SCLC leaders urged King to use children instead so families didnt loose jobs. May 2nd, ages 6-18 sang as police arrested them. more than 900 were arrested and jailed. -
The Feminine Mystique
Betty Friedan conducted a survey of college-educated women and found that many were dissatistfield with their lives. Nearly all of the survey respondent were full-time homemakers. In her book, The Feminine Mystique, Friedan concluded that many women felt trapped by domestic life, rather than fulfilled by it. -
March On Washington
Prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African American leaders planned a huge march on the nation's captial for August. More than 200,000 people of all race covered the National Mall. There, Martin Luther King Jr. delivered a speech that will be known today as "I Have A Dream" speech. "I have a dream that one day thi nation will rise up and live out the meaning of the meaning of it's creed: We hold these truths to be self-evidence: that all men are created eqal.."-Martin Luther King Jr. 8/28/63 -
Johnson Becomes President
Immedently after JFK is killed Johnson becomes President. Kennedy&Johnson were very unlike Kennedy showed his goodlooks and class where Johnson showed his body scars. Johnson was born in rural Hill Country, Texas. Johnson gave up teaching for goverment work during the Great Depression. he was the youngest NYA director in the nation. Despite his cruel behaviors he showed compassion by saying this after JFK death "All i have i would have given gladly not to be standing here today" -
Kennedy's Assassination
President Kennedy worked to build support for his re-elcection campaign. On 11/22/94 JFK rode in an open car through the ciry of Dallas, Texas. A gunman on the 6th floor of a schoolbook building shot Kennedy as he drove passed, killing him. The murder was Lee Harvey Oswald. JFK death was a shock to the nation. "I recall a begger walking up to me in the street and i said 'no i dont have any money. He said'i dont want any money i just want to tell you how sorry i am that your young president died. -
Gaining Voting Rights
in 1962 SNCC, CORE and other groups founded the Voters Education Project (VEP) to register southern Africans too vote. Marches by these groups were broken up by mobs and police and the prosester were jailed. The VEP was a sucess. Following congress passed the 24th admendment which banned states from taxing citizens to vote. it didn't become part of the Constition until January 1964. Freedom Summer was created soon after it became part of the Constition of The United States. -
The Great Society
President Johnson wanted to do more than just follow in Kenedy's footsteps. Johnson described his own plans for the nation in a commencement address at the University of Michigan in May 1964. "We habe the opportunity to move not only towards the rich society & powerful society, but upward to the Great Society. Running against Johnson was Goldwater who attacked the Great Society, but Johnson came out victories in a landslide election. The Great Society provides benefits to Americans today still! -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The next month after the March on Washington a bomb exploded in a Birmingham church killing four African American girls. The in November; President Kennedy was assassinated. His vice president, Lyndon Johnson too office. President Johnson supported passages of the stong civil rights bill. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination in employment and in public accommodations. -
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
President Johnson became convinced that only an expanded US military involvement in south Vietnam could prevent a communism victory. Johnson appeared on national televison and announced a navy destroyer had been attacked by North Vietnamese coast. The Tonkin Golf Resolution was approved by congress that enabled the present to take all approiate measurement. -
Operation Rolling Thunder
The first major direct US military activity in Vietnam toom place in the Air. President Johnson ordered Operation Rolling Thunder a bombing capaign over North Vietnam. He wanted to weaken the enemy's ablitly and will to fight. One of the main targets of Operation Rolling Thunder was the HO Chi Minh Trail. The trail was a network of paths that began in North Vietnam, snaked through Laos, Cambina and the end of South Vietnam. It didnt succed by wearking the enemy's war effort. -
The anitwar movement
As oppostion to the war grew a large antiwar movements developed. The movement attracted a broad range of people including students, civil rights workers, doctors, homemakers, retirees and teachers. These took place in college campuses and they held rallies and debates. More than 20,000 people marched to the Capitol in Washington w/ a petiton to congress to end the war. -
The Voting Rights Act
The SCLC shifted its main focus to voting rights of African Americans. The Selma Campaign was created by King. By the end of January more than 2,000 marchers had been arrested. The mass arrested and images of children being sent off to jail began appearing on the news. On 3/7/65 600 Africans began a 54 mile march. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 passed in Congress by large majorities. This elminated discrimanation in voting for African Americans. more than 27,000 registrated to vote 3 weeeks later -
Black Power
Carmincheal's support of aggresove action became clear during the March Against Fear in June 1966. "What we gonna start now is Black Power!" Many critics believed the Black Power movement to be call to violent action. Carmicheal explained Black Power as African Americans' dependence on themeselves to solve problems. He called on Africans to form their own seperate political organization. in 1967 CORE gave up its commitment to being a multiracial organization. -
National Organization for Women
The core belieft of the women's liberation movement was feminism, the conviction that women and men should be socially, politically, and econoically equal. (NOW) was a group of feminists. This women's right organization fought gender discrimination in the workplace, schools, and justice system. The first president of Now was Betty Friedan, the first African American women. -
Movement moves North
Awareness spurred King to focas his attention on Chicago in 1966. The SCLC's Chicago campaign lasted 8 months&was one of King's biggest failures. African's didn't share his share of civil rights focus. Chicago poloce had strict orders against using force. King found it hard to attract the medias attention that way. King took his march into white's neighborhood & residents showered the marchers with rocks&bottles. King hollowly declared victory and left Chicago. -
Johnson's Foreign Policy
Another factor in the declone of the Great Society was the increasing involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War. At the end of 1966 385,000 U.S combat troops were in Vietnam and goverment was spending 2.5 billion $ each month. Johnson chose guns because he was like Kennedy, against communism. He sent 22,000 troops to end a revolt in the Dominican. In March 1967 the first direct treaty between U.S&Soviets took effect. 58 other nations joined this treaty, except North Korea. -
The Brown Berets
The Brown Berets emerged as one of the most militant organization in the Chicano movement. Founded by working-class Chincno students Los Angeles in 1967, the Brown Berets began thier activism by protesting against police brutality in East Los Angeles. They supported the efforts of Chicanoes in New Mexico to recover their historic lands. Brown Berets recieved much media attention because of their strong action-oriented protest. -
Social Justice
As other groups began campiagining for their rights, Latinos also sought social justice or fair distributuon of advantages and disadvantages in society. One of the earliest efforts was made in the farm fields of california. The National Farm Workers Associatin soon joined the strick under the leader ship of Cesar Chavez. The union's symbol a black Aztec eagle, came to represend the Mexican American civil rights movement developed during the late 1960s. -
Assassination of King
King went to Memphis, Tennessee in March of 1968 to aid African American sanitation workers who were on strike against discrimination in the city's work and pay polices. James Earl Ray a wite sniper with a high-powered rifile, shot and killed King. Riots erupted in more tan 120 cities as enraged Aficans acrossed the nation responded to the assassination. Within 3 weeks 46 were dead, 21,000 were arrested and 2,600 were injured in the result of King's death. -
Tet Offensive
U.S Embassy marked the start of the Tet Offensive a series of massive coordunated attacks throughtout South Vietnam. During the crippling campiagn some 84,000 Communist solderier attacked 12 U,S military bases and more than 100 cities across South Vietnam. About 45,000 enemy soliders were killed. About 1,100 American and 2,300 ARVN troops also died. -
American Indian Movement
The Alcatraz Island takeover helped invigorate the American Indian Movement (AIM) founded in Minnesota by Dennis Banks, Clyde Bellecourt and others. Originally focused on urban Native American, AIM became the major force behind the lager Red Power movement. AIM called for renewal of traditonal cultures, economic independece, and better education for Indian children -
The Election of 1968
After Johnson withdrew from the 1968 presidentital campaign, his vice president Hubert Humphrey, entered the race. The Vietnam War the key issue among voters. Humphry defended the administraction's war policies. His Demoncractic rivals, Senator Eugene McCarthy and Robert Kennedy, called for a rapid end to the war. When Kennedy announced his canidacy, he explained the position on Vietnam. -
Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon was the 37th president of the United States from 1969 to 1974. he was an Repulbican. He was former Vice President. Nixon appealed to the partoisims of mainstream Americans. Even people who were sympatjetic to the antiwar movement had been put off by the behavior of protesters at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. -
The Draft
At the start of the war, most American troops were professional soldiers, volunteers who enlisted in the armed forces. About 25% of the young men who registered for the draft were excused from service for health reasons. Another 30% received deferemtns or prostponements of service. Poor americans served in numbers greater than their proportion of the general population. Large numbers of American American's also enlisted in the army. -
Pop Art
IN the 1970s movies, art, and music all changed. They based all their ideas off the "rebel" side of socitety. the 1970s brought about vigor in adventurous, cool and realistic events happing in the world. Movies like Easy Rider were considered vulger movies and displayed a horrible influence on yougner kids. -
Hippie Culture
Hippies sought new experience in a variety of ways. some looked for an elightenment throught Eastern religious, such as Buddhism. Hippies expressed their sense of freedom though a casual and colorful style of clothing. Bright, tie-dye T-shirts were adopted. -
Flower Children
African American adopted the dashiki a pulloverstyle African shirt usually with vidid colors. men also began wearing longer hair and beards. some african sported afros a haistle that came to symbolize racial pride. Other hippies wore floweres and call themselves Flower Children -
Civil Rights Movement Prior to 1954
The Briggses played a key role in launching the modern civil rights movement in the U.S. Slavery ended after the Civil War, & formerly enslaved people enjoyed some rights for a time during Reconstruction. The Great Depression of the 1930s presented new challenges to African Americans because they fared worse than others. Roosevelt New Deal helped them. After WW II governemnt ban against discrimination in the army & navey. Many Africans were inspiration like Jackie Robinson, and Randolph. -
Vietnamization
Kissinger's secret negotiations were part of a larger U.S straegy aimed at achieving what Nixon called "peace and honor." Vietnamization was turning over of the fighting in Vietnam to the South Vietnamese while gradually bringing U.S group troops home. Nixon began slowly withdrawing American forces from S Vietnam. When he took office there were 540,000 U.S troops in that country, at the end of 1972, the number had reduced to just 24,000 left. -
Equal Right Amendment
The Equal Right Amendment; this proposed amendment to the Constitution promised equal treatment for men and women in all spheres, not just employment. Before it could take effect, the ERA had to be ratified by a least 38 states. ERA drew more than 100,000 people to Washington, D.C. Conservation groups launched a campaign to defeat the ERA. -
War Powers Act
War Powers Act a federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of Congress. It set at 60-day limit on the presidential commintment U.S troops to foreign conflicts without special authorization by congress or a declaration of war.
