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Period: to
Europe: 1648-1945
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Quakers Movement founded
The Journal of George Fox was first published in England in 1694. The journal compiles many years of Fox's experience as the founder of the Quaker Movement in England. The journal is a religious work. It offers a pioneer vision of pacifism by denouncing european wars. This was a first approach of literary commitment
in Europe.
Source: http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/religion/church-history/journal-george-fox-revised-edition, editor : John Nickalls, 2010 -
Mme de Chevreuse, La Fronde
Mme de Chevreuse was a woman owning a famous "salon" during the period of Enlightment. She was known to be a Manipulative person as she was involved in a lot of political issues at the king's Court. That's why Claude Deruet painted her as the godess Diane, known as the godess of beauty and hunting. She was a woman very involved in political issues especially during the Fronde (France) with Mazarin. http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de_Rohan -
Canal du Midi is completed
The Canal du Midi runs between Toulouse and the French Mediterranean coast, helping to connect the sea to the Atlantic Ocean. The rise in projects such as this allowed for huge improvements in moving people and the products of industry for civil and military purposes. "Canal Du Midi." UNESCO World Heritage Centre. UNESCO, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2015. Image retrieved from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Plan_canal_Midi.jpg -
Protestant caricature of King Louis XIV
Louis XIV caricatureillustration from 'Les Heros de La Ligue ou La Procession monacale, conduite par Louis XIV, pour la conversion des protestants de son royaume'This caricature is done by: CORNELIS & GOLE, JACOB DUSART
Although the day of this caricature is unkown it remains a representation of the Absolutist Rule of Louis XIV which permitted him to be known as the "Exterminator of Protestantism". This brought on religious wars regarding the minor population who did not share his religious thoughts. -
The Marquis of Jouffroy d'Abbans demonstrates the first steam-ship
This image from 1782 depicts the plans for the Pyroscaphe, claimed to be the first steamship ever constructed. Claude-François-Dorothée is credited with its design and construction, one of the earliest applications of industrial technology in transportation. Bloom, Jim. "POWER AT SEA." Sea Classics 07 2009: 26,33,67. ProQuest. Web. 7 Apr. 2015 . Image retrieved from http://www.mandragore2.net/dico/lexique2/navires2/pyroscaphe-plans-gd.jpg -
Théroigne de Mérincourt, a revolutionary
Théroigne de Mérincourt was one of the few women very involved in the french revolution especially during the taking of the Bastille. She was part of numerous "salon" and joined the Cordelier's club, an association of people fighting against tyranny and in favor of democracy, defending the ideals of Revolution. On this painting, we can see that she is punish for her attitude as in the late XVIIth century, it was not common for a woman to behave this way. She inspired Eugene Delacroix's Marianne. -
The Execution of Marie Antoinette
L'exécution de Marie-Antoinette This painting is a strong representation of the falll of the monarchy and French Revolution. It stands strong as an element of the people's revolt against the injust oppression they were subjects to. -
Immanuel Kant and his Peace Project
"Perpetual Peace: A philosophical Sketch" is a 1795 essay by German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). Kant proposes a peace program for european governments. The philosopher claims the importance of freedom. The essay represents a legacy for the European History as well as the future vision of a "federation" of european states.
Source: http://catalogue.sciencespo.fr/ark:/46513/sc0000380600#prettyPhoto. editor : Mille et une nuits, 2001 -
Richard Trevithick debuts his first steam locomotive
British engineer Richard Trevithick is credited as the inventor of the steam-powered locomotive, a revolutionary advancement in transportation. This image depicts the plans for one of his early locomotives, which were showcased a the very beginning of the 19th century. Cavendish, Richard. "Richard Trevithick's First Steam Carriage: December 24th, 1801." History Today 51.12 (2001): 52. ProQuest. Web. 7 Apr. 2015. Image from http://tinyurl.com/pdwsynk -
The Plumb-pudding in danger
one of Gillray’s most famous satires dealing with the Napoleonic Wars in the early 19th century. Although the exact date of this drawing is unknown its context remains important as a representation of the begginings of Imperialism and the course of the Napoleonic Wars. This caricature shows the two leaders cutting pieces of the world that they deem possesed -
Laskarina Bouboulina leading greek troops
Laskarina Bouboulina is considered as the heroine of the Greek war of independance. She was the leader of greek troops who fought against the Ottoman Empire. She survived to many conflicts and saved many women from the Sultan's house. She is a heroic figure of the Greek war and symbolizes the quest for freedom by leading her troops as she did. http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laskarina_Bouboulina#/media/File:Bouboulina_painting_by_Von_Hess.jpg -
The Paris Peace Congress
The Paris Peace Congress met from August 21 to August 24 1849 with Victor Hugo as the president. Victor Hugo (1802-1885) was a major French novelist well known for his political commitment. At the Peace Congress he gave the opening speech. The speech became a key point in European History as Hugo introduced the concept of "The United States of Europe"
Source: extract from Victor Hugo's speech, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-12-796_en.htm, European Commission, 2009
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Union of Women ("Union des femmes")
During 1871, there is the Commune of Paris ( French Party defending communism) in which women are involved. They thus create the Union of Women (l'Union des femmes) that intended to defend communist ideals and take care of injured soldiers. It is one of the very first organisation created by women in Europe. They supported the fact women could act and play important roles during the Reolution, just as men did. -
Nicolaus Otto earns patent of four-stroke engine
Nicolaus Otto is among the most well-remembered inventors in the history of deigning gasoline engines. This image depicts his patent of a four-stroke engine, which a piece of machinery which revolutionized industry and transport. Scoltock, James. "Nicolaus Otto." Automotive Engineer 35.5 (2010): 7. ProQuest. Web. 7 Apr. 2015. Image from http://patentpending.blogs.com/patent_pending_blog/2005/09/the_otto_engine.html -
Leon Tolstoy: a writer of his time
Leon Tolstoy (1828-1910) was a Russian novelist and essayist. This 1891 oil painting from Ilya Repine (1844-1930) represents Tolstoy writting at his desk. ("Tolstoy in his Study").Tolstoy was best known for his novels defending pacifism (War and Peace). His work had a major legacy in favor of european peace.
Source: http://www.wikiart.org/en/ilya-repin/leo-tolstoy-in-his-study-1891, 1891, The State Literature Museum, Moscow, Russia -
Les docks de Cardiff
The industrial strenght of Britain This painting was created in 1894, the exact day remains unknown. It stands as a representation of Britain's great industrial strenght which prepared its forces for the world war approaching. -
Ford assumbly line is debuted
This image depicts the assembly line which manufactured the Ford Model-T, the first mass-produced automobile. Not only did this revolutionize civilian transport, but it also increased the speed and efficiency of industrial production. Eisenstein, Paul A. "Henry Ford's Assembly Line: Production Idea of the Century." The Christian Science Monitor: 10. Nov 03 1988. ProQuest. Web. 7 Apr. 2015 . Image from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_assembly_line_-_1913.jpg -
Picture of a militant boy from World War I
Young Hans von Minning, boy-mascot of a German regiment--symbolic of Germany's youth which appreciated all things military, just like the Kaiser they so admired. The exact date of this picture is unknown yet it remains taken during the First World War. It represents the involvement of children in the warfare and shows the strenght of patriotism as well as nationalism. -
1936-1938: The Spanish Civil War
During the interwar period, Spain was a politically divided country between republicans and nationalists. This war saw the committment of several european and american writers. Among the most famous Malraux, Orwell and Hemingway. Man's Hope was written by Malraux in 1937. The preface by Herbert Gold stresses the role that played novelists in the war. Writers became actors of the European History.
Source: http://mcgill.worldcat.org/title/mans-hope/oclc, editor: Random House, 1938 -
Heinkel He 178 debuts as the first practical jet-plane
Heinkel's prototype aircraft proved that jet-propulsion was viable for powering aircraft, and military engineers took note as jet aircraft began to be deployed in great numbers by the British and German airforces in the years following. "Heinkel He 178 - History, Specs and Pictures - Military Aircraft." Military Factory. N.p., 25 Aug. 2014. Web. 07 Apr. 2015. Image from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Heinkel_He_178_050602-F-1234P-002.jpg -
Comete Lign created by Andrée de Jongh
Andrée de Jongh was a belgian woman who took part in the Resistance process during the Second world war. She is a figure of feminine resistance as she was very implicated. She created the "Comète Lign" of resistance that applied to help soldiers to go back to England. This lign was from Spain to Belgium. We use to think that resistance was only a male preoccupation but women did act against the policies of Hitler and fought during the Second World War, just as Andrée de Jongh. -
Anne Frank's diary: the testimony of persecution
http://www.larevuedesressources.org/journal-d-anne-frank-extraits,1159.htmlAnne Frank was a german jewish girl living in Amsterdam (Netherlands) during the Second World War. Her story is very famous because she symbolizes the typical figure of oppression as she was vctim of the Shoah. She used to write her everyday life in her diary, which became public after the war when it was discovered. In her diary, she explains how everyday was a challenge, and she relates her personal feelings and thoughts. She thus illustrates how women were persecuted during this war. -
Stefan Zweig: "a european citizen"
Stefan Zweig (1881-1942) was an austrian novelist and biographer. His major novel : "The world of Yesterday : memories of a european" was published in 1944. It depicts the history of Europe from the end of the XIXth century ("the Golden Age") through the devastation of the two World Wars. The novel is a tribute to a generation of europeans.
Source: http://catalogue.sciencespo.fr/ark:/46513/sc0000867273, editor: Le Livre de Poche, 1996 -
First Holocaust Broadcast for the Lost Children
Captive Children A Red Cross appeal seeking relatives of children liberated from concentration and labour camps. This broadcast is part of the artistic representation through film, of Europe's sins which originate from the World War. It is a broadcast made to help reunite the surviving children of concentration camps with their families, if the following were still alive. It also represents the Western presence in Europe.
