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Period: 6500 BCE to 6500 BCE
Trephination
also known as trepanning, trepanation or burr holing, is one of the oldest surgical procedures known to humanity and refers to a surgical procedure in which a circular piece of bone is drilled and excised, most commonly from the human skull. -
Period: to
Wilhem Wundt laboratory
Wundt founded the first formal laboratory for psychological research. This marked psychology as an independent field of study. By creating this laboratory he was able to establish psychology as a separate science from other disciplines. -
Period: to
Tuskeegee syphilis study
the study was conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the United States Public Health Service and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on a group of nearly 400 African Americans with syphilis. -
Period: to
Nazi concentration camp experiments
Nazi physicians and their assistants forced prisoners into participating; they did not willingly volunteer and no consent was given for the procedures. Typically, the experiments were conducted without anesthesia and resulted in death, trauma, disfigurement, or permanent disability, and as such are considered examples of medical torture.