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Treaty of Versailles
1918...Germany surrenders to Allies, lose World War 1...
...and are forced to sign unfavorable Treaty of Versailles.
1. Lose Land
2. Lose military
3. Pay back money to winners -
German Economy
Hyperinflation -
Beerhall Putsch
Tried to overthrow the government -
Reichstag's Fire
Hitler blamed the communists for burning the capitol building. -
First Concentration Camps
First concentration camps set up, mostly for political prisoners
Early on, the camps for imprisonment and hard labor, not for killing -
Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany
-Eliminated people in Nazi party to be head of Nazis
-Rising popularity of Nazis forces Hindenburg to give him some power -
Holocaust
The Holocaust was a mass killing of Jews during WW2, in which Adolf Hitler and the Nazi's killed 5 million Jews, and 6 million innocent people. It ended in 1945. -
Enabling Act of March
Basically gives power of decision making to Hitler
-within a few months, all other political parties besides the Nazis were eliminated
-This allowed Hitler to get rid of all his rivals
-At this time, we see an OFFICIAL BOYCOTT OF JEWISH BUSINESSES -
Nuremberg Laws
Nazis needed a way to identify Jews so they could discriminate them Nuremberg Laws defined people with 3 or 4 Jewish Grandparents as "Jewish" and 1 or 2 as "Mixed Blood" -
Appeasement
German Army moves into AUSTRIA and Germany annexes CZECHSLOVAKIA
To avoid war, other countries let them do it. -
Kristallnacht (night of Broken Glass)
In response to the murder of a German diplomat, orders are given to Nazi Party members to riot against Jewish businesses and homes... but make it look like a CIVILIAN uprising -
Germany Invades Poland
(Which has 3 million Jews in its population). WW2 begins on September 1st -
Nazis Create Ghettos
Nazis begin rounding up millions of Jews and confining them to Ghettos
Largest Ghettos were in cities like Warsaw or Lodz in Poland -
Euthanasia Program Begins
-Euthanaisa- systematic killing of those Germans whom the Nazis deemed ´´unworthy of life´´ because of mental illness or physical disability.
-Eventually, 80,000 people with disabilities will be killed
-BY 1942-43, the Nazis moved away from the Einsatzgruppen or "Mobile Killing Units" and planned to use death camps -
First Death Camp
First "Death Camp" opens at Chelmno (in Central Poland)...
Vans with small gas chambers in the rear are used -
Wannsee Confrence
-Nazi Leaders approve the "FINAL SOLUTION" or plan to EXTERMINATE THE JEWS -
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
-Residents smuggled weapons in
-Uprising lasted for about a month
-SS troops arrested and deported residents after the uprising ended -
Camp Rebellions
Prisoners fought back at death amps...
Treblinka (Aug. 1943) Sobibor (Oct. 1943)
After stealing weapons fro guards, prisoners tried to escape. Most were killed but a few dozen made it out and survived the war Auschwitz-Birkenau (1944)
Members of the Sonderkommando working in the Crematorium fought SS guards killing over 70, but all 250 as well as 200 others were killed in response -
DEATH MARCHES (1944-45)
-Allies advancing toward death camps
-Nazis evacuated prisoners, march them into Germany to avoid capture
-Brutal treatment and harsh conditions along the way -
Non-Violent Resistance
Instead of fighting, many used non-violent forms of resistance including... -Prayer Groups
-Non-compliance
-Music
-Art work
-Schooling Non-Violent Resistance lasted throughout the whole war (1933-1945) -
Nuremberg Trials (1946-47)
The allies and the International Community put a number of Germans on trial for War Crimes, Crimes Against Peace and Crimes Against Humanity -
What happened to the survivors
-Displaced Persons Camps- Areas for former prisoners to stay while searching for family and a permanent place to live -
Definitions
appalled- to fill with horror,terrify, shock
portly- heavy or stout
conspicuous- Easily seen or comprehend, obvious
Insufferable- Unbearable; not tolerate
sustenance- That which sustains or supports life
aryan- A non-Jewish white person
anti-semitism- hostility toward Jews
dehumanization- deprive of human qualities
discrimination- harmful treatment of different categories, escpecially on grounds of race -
Definitions 2
gestapo- German state secret police during Nazis rule
genocide- extermination of race
pogrom- Organized massacre
scapegoat- A person who is blamed for the wrongdoings
rucksack- knapsack, leather bag
blackout- turning out or covering of lights to prevent enemy detection and at lack
intolerable- unbearable
disgruntled- in bad humor; discontented
belfry- bell tower-attached to a church