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Period: to
1933
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Adolf Hitler is appointed chancellor of Germany.
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The German government takes away freedom of speech, assembly, press, and freedom from invasion of privacy and from house search without warrant.
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Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated President of the United States.
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The first concentration camp is established in Nazi Germany at Dachau. The first prisoners are political opponents.
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A nationwide boycott of Jewish-owned businesses in Germany is carried out under Nazi leadership.
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Jews are barred from government service; Jewish civil servants, including University professors and school teachers, are fired from their positions.
Jews are barred from government service; Jewish civil servants, including University professors and school teachers, are fired from their positions. -
The law against "overcrowding in German schools and universities" is adopted, restricting the number of Jewish children allowed to attend. Children of war veterans and those with one non-Jewish parent are initially exempted.
The law against "overcrowding in German schools and universities" is adopted, restricting the number of Jewish children allowed to attend. Children of war veterans and those with one non-Jewish parent are initially exempted. -
Books by Jews and opponents of Nazism are burned publicly.
Books by Jews and opponents of Nazism are burned publicly. -
Laws are passed in Germany that permit the forced sterilization of Gypsies, the mentally and physically disabled, African-Germans, and others considered "inferior" or "unfit."
Laws are passed in Germany that permit the forced sterilization of Gypsies, the mentally and physically disabled, African-Germans, and others considered "inferior" or "unfit." -
Germany withdraws from the League of Nations.
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In all German schools it is officially taught that "non-Aryans" are racially inferior. Jewish children are prohibited from participating in "Aryan" sports clubs, school orchestras, and other extracurricular activities. Jewish children are banned from play
grounds, swimming pools, and parks in many German cities and towns. -
Period: to
1934
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Adolph Hitler declares himself president and chancellor of the Third Reich after the death of Paul von Hindenburg.
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First major wave of arrests of homosexuals occurs throughout Germany, continuing into November.
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Period: to
1935
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The Saar region is annexed by Germany.
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Hitler violates the Versailles Treaty by renewing the compulsory military draft.
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Jehovah's Witnesses are banned from all civil service jobs and are arrested throughout Germany.
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"No Jews" signs and notices are posted outside German towns and villages, and outside shops and restaurants.
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Jews are prohibited from serving in the German armed forces.
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The Nuremberg Laws deprive German Jews of their citizenship.
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Period: to
1936
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Jewish doctors are no longer permitted to practice in government institutions in Germany.
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Hitler's army invades the Rhineland.
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The first German Gypsies are arrested and deported to Dachau concentration camp.
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The Olympic Games take place in Berlin. Anti-Jewish signs (i.e., "Jews Not Welcome") are removed until the Games are completed.
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The Ministry of Science and Education prohibits teaching by "non-Aryans" in public schools and bans private instruction by Jewish teachers.
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Period: to
1937
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Further restrictions are imposed on the number of Jewish students attending German schools.
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Buchenwald concentration camp opens.
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Jews can obtain passports for travel outside of Germany only in special cases.
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Period: to
1938
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Germany annexes Austria.
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The German government passes a decree requiring the registration of all Gypsies without a fixed address living in Austria; by June 1938, all Gypsy children above the age of 14 have to be fingerprinted. This is a central part of the growing racial definiti
tion of Gypsies as "criminally asocial." -
Representatives from thirty-two countries meet at Evian, France, to discuss refugee policies. Most of the countries refuse to let in more Jewish refugees.
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The German government announces Jews must carry identification cards.
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An attempt is made by Herschel Grynzpan to assassinate a German diplomat in Paris.
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Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass"): Nazi organized nation-wide pogroms result in the burning of hundreds of synagogues; the looting and destruction of many Jewish homes, schools, and community offices; vandalism; and the looting of 7,500 Jewish store
Many Jews are beaten, and more than 90 are killed. Thirty-thousand Jewish men are arrested and imprisoned in concentration camps. Several thousand Jewish women are arrested and sent to local jails. This is followed by a punitive fine to be paid by the Jewish community for the damages done to their businesses and the accelerated "Aryanization" of Jewish businesses. -
German Jews are ordered to pay one billion Reichsmarks in reparations for damages of Kristallinacht.
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All Jewish children are expelled from German schools and can attend only separate Jewish schools.
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Decrees ban Jews from public streets on certain days; Jews are forbidden drivers' licenses and car registrations.
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Jews must sell their businesses and real estate and hand over their securities and jewelry to the government at artificially low prices.
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Jews may no longer attend universities as teachers and/or students.
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Period: to
1939
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Germany invades and occupies Czechoslovakia.
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Cuba and the United States refuse to accept Jewish refugees aboard the ship S.S. St. Louis, which is forced to return to Europe.
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Two-thousand Gypsy males above the age of 16 are arrested in Burgenland Province (formerly Austria) and sent to Dachau and Buchenwald concentration camps; 1,000 Gypsy girls and women above the age of 15 are arrested and sent to the Ravensbruck concentrati
concentration camp. -
Soviet-German Non-aggression Pact signed.
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The German army invades Poland and World War II begins.
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Jews are forced to turn in radios, cameras, and other electric objects to the police. Jews receive more restrictive ration coupons than other Germans. They do not receive coupons for meat, milk, etc. Jews also receive fewer and more limited clothing ratio
ration cards than do Germans. -
Hitler extends powers to doctors to kill institutionalized mentally and physically disabled persons in the "euthanasia" program.
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Germans force Jews in Poland to wear a yellow Star of David on their chests or a blue-and-white Star of David armband.
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The first Polish ghetto is established.
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Period: to
1940
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The German army invades and defeats Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and France.
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Approximately 164,000 Polish Jews are concentrated and imprisoned in the Lódz ghetto which is established and sealed off from the outside world.
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A concentration camp is established at Auschwitz, Poland.
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Anti-Jewish laws are passed by France's Vichy Government.
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The Warsaw ghetto is established.
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The Warsaw ghetto is closed off with approximately 500,000 inhabitants.
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Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia join the Axis Powers.
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Gypsy and African-German children are expelled from public schools.
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The German army invades North Africa.
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The German army invades Yugoslavia and Greece.
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Romania passes law condemning adult Jews to forced labor.
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The French Vichy government revokes civil rights of French Jews in North Africa.
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The German army invades the Soviet Union. The Einsatzgruppen, mobile killing squads, begin the mass murders of Jews, Gypsies, and Communist leaders.
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German Jews above the age of six are forced to wear a yellow Star of David sewed on the left side of their clothes with the word "Jude" printed in black.
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Soviet prisoners of war and Polish prisoners are killed in Nazi test of gas chambers at Auschwitz in occupied Poland.
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Nearly 34,000 Jews are murdered by mobile killing squads at Babi Yar, near Kiev in the Ukraine.
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Construction begins on Birkenau, an addition to the Auschwitz camp. Birkenau includes a killing center which begins operations in early 1942.
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First group of German and Austrian Jews are deported to ghettos in eastern Europe.
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Five thousand Gypsies are deported from labor and internment camps in Austria to the Lódz ghetto in Poland.
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Japan attacks Pearl Harbor.
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The Chelmno death camp opens near Lódz, Poland and the first gassing of victims in mobile gas vans occurs.
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Germany declares war on the United States.
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Five thousand Austrian Gypsies from the Lódz ghetto are deported to the killing center at Chelmno where they are all killed in mobile gas vans.
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Nazi "extermination" camps located in occupied Poland at Auschwitz, Birkenau, Treblinka, Sobibor, Belzec, and Majdanek-Lublin begins mass murder of Jews in gas chambers.
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Jews in the Lódz ghetto are deported to the killing center at Chelmno.
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Fifteen Nazi and government leaders meet at Wannsee, a section of Berlin, to discuss the "final solution to the Jewish question".
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Approximately ten thousand Jews, who had arrived in the Lódz ghetto some six months earlier from Germany, Luxembourg, Vienna, and Prague, are deported to Chelmno. Their baggage is confiscated before they board the train.
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The German government closes all Jewish schools.
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Treblinka death camp opens.
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Jews in France and the Netherlands are required to wear identifying Stars of David.
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Jewish fighting organizations established in the Warsaw ghetto.
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Approximately fifteen thousand Jews in the Lódz ghetto are deported to Chelmno, mostly children under ten and individuals over sixty-five, but also others who are too weak or ill to work. By September 16, approximately fifty-five thousand Jews have been d
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All Jews in concentration camps in Germany are sent to death camp at Auschwitz.
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A special internment camp for non-Jewish Polish youth is opened in Lódz.
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All Gypsies in Germany and Nazi occupied countries, with few exceptions, are arrested and deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau.
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Jews in the Warsaw ghetto initiate resistance to deportation by the Germans to the death camps.
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The Nazis order all of the ghettos in Poland and the Soviet Union destroyed.
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The inmates at Treblinka rebel.
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The Danish citizens smuggle most of the nation's Jews to neutral Sweden.
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The inmates at Sobibor initiate an armed rebellion.
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The War Refugee Board is established by President Franklin Roosevelt.
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The German army invades Hungary.
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The Nazis begin deportation of Hungarian Jews. Over 430,000 Jews are sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau where most are gassed.
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The Allied Powers invade Normandy.
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Seven thousand one hundred ninety-six Jews are deported from the Lódz ghetto to Chelmno where they are killed.
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German officers fail and are caught in an attempt to assassinate Hitler.
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The Soviet Army liberates the Majdanek death camp.
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The prisoners at Auschwitz-Birkenau rebel and blow up one crematorium.
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Nazis empty Auschwitz and start prisoners on "death marches" to Germany.
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The Soviet army liberates Auschwitz.
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Troops from the United States liberate survivors from the Buchenwald and Dachau concentration camps.
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Adolph Hitler commits suicide in his bunker in Berlin rather than be caught by the advancing Soviet army.
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Troops from the United States liberate Mauthausen concentration camp.
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Germany surrenders and war in Europe is ended.
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The war crimes tribunal is convened at Nuremberg, Germany.
