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The Enlightenment begins
Was also known as the Age of Reason.
Enlightenment thinkers questioned traditional authority and embraced the notion that humanity could improve through rational change.
Produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars, and revolutions "Enlightenment" (2009). "Enlightenment". (2009). Retrieved from: https://www.history.com/topics/british-history/enlightenment Picture Retrieved from: https://www.smithsonianmag.com -
Isaac Newton
One of the great minds of the 17th century.
He developed the principles of modern physics.
in 1687 he published the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, the single most influential books on physics. " Isaac" (2017). "Isaac Newton". (2017). Retrieved from: https://www.biography.com/scientist/isaac-newton -
John Locke
Wrote many essays outlining numerous topics that were influential to the Enlightenment.
His Two Treaties of Government in 1690 said that man has 3 natural rights: life. liberty, and property.
Wrote 3 letters titled Letters Concerning Toleration" between 1689-1692 stated that the government should respect freedom of religion "John" (2009). "John Locke". (2009) Retrieved from: https://www.history.com/topics/british-history/john-locke
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Deism
Belief of the life of religion and of reason could be combined.
Christianity Not Mysterious was written in 1696. Promoted religion as natural and rational.
Believed this thought would would end rivalry between the various Christian sects "Kagan, D., Ozment, S., Turner, F., & Frank, A." (2013). Kagan, D., Ozment, S., Turner, F., & Frank, A. (2013). The Western Heritage. 11th ed. Pearson.
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Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu
In 1721 he published The Persian Letters.
Stated that no single set of political laws could apply to all peoples at all times and all places.
Size, population, social and religious customs, economic structure, traditions, and climate should tell the best form of government for a country "Kagan, D., Ozment, S., Turner, F. & Frank, A." (2013). Kagan, D., Ozment, S., Turner, F. & Frank, A.(2013). the Western Heritage. 11th ed. Pearson.
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The Encyclopedia
The encyclopedia was started in the mid century under the leadership of Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d'Alembert.
First volume was published in 1751.
Was completed in 1772 with 17 volumes and 11 illustrations "Kagan, D., Ozment, S., Turner, F., & Frank, A." (2013). Kagan, D., Ozment, S., Turner, F., & Frank, A. (2013).The Western Heritage. 11th Ed. Pearson.
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Voltaire
Voltaire wrote many poems, plays, novels, and scientific works.
Pushed for freedom of religion and freedom expression.
Was the father of the concept of separation of church and state "Voltaire" (n.d.). "Voltaire". (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://www.historycrunch.com/voltaire.html#/
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Reform of Criminal Law
Marquis Cesare Beccaria published On Crimes and Punishments.
Critically analyzed making punishments both effective and just.
Thought the criminal justice system should ensure a speedy trial and punishment should fit the crime " Kagan, D., Ozment, S., Turner, F. & Frank, A." (2013). Kagan, D., Ozment, S., Turner, F. & Frank, A. (2013). The Western Heritage. 11th ed. Pearson.
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The Beginning of the French Revolution
In 1787 France was bankrupt and creditors were trying to collect.
France's treasurer met with an Assembly of Notables to support his plan of new taxes.
The Assembly refused their support. With no support the Estates General was called. A medieval tradition that was believed to allow the church and aristocrats to govern alongside the monarchy "Kagan, D., Ozment, S., Turner, F., & Frank, A." (2013). Kagan, D., Ozment, S., Turner, F., & Frank, A.(2013). The Western Heritage. 11th ed. Pearson -
The Third Estate
The Estates General consisted of 3 estates: the clergy, the nobility, all other men in the kingdom.
The third estate, all other men, made it clear they would not let the monarchy and aristocracy decide the nation's future.
1789 the third estate declared themselves the National Assembly "Kagan, D., Ozment, S., Turner, F., & Frank, A." (2013). Kagan, D., Ozment, S., Turner, F., & Frank, A. (2013). The Western Heritage. 11th ed. Pearson.
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The Tennis Court Oath
Louis X VI tried to reassert himself in June 1789
He locked the doors to the room the National Assembly had been using for their meetings. They moved to a nearby tennis court and took and oath to not leave until they gave France a constitution.
This is called the famous Tennis Court Oath "Kagan, F., Ozment, S., Turner, F., & Frank, A." (2013). Kagan, F., Ozment, S., Turner, F., & Frank, A. (2013). The Western Heritage. 11th ed. Pearson.
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The Taking of Bastille / The Start of the French Revolution
Louis XVI mustered troops near Versailles and Paris causing anxiety among citizens.
These citizens supported the National Assembly and saw this a an offensive maneuver against the Assembly.
on July 14th theses citizens stormed the fortress and took control of it "Kagan, D., Ozment, S., Turner, F., & Frank, A," (2013). Kagan, D., Ozment, S., Turner, F., & Frank, A. (2013). The Western Heritage. 11th ed. Pearson.
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The Great Fear
The Great Fear was a movement that swept across most of the French countryside.
Rumors of royal troops being sent out to rural districts intensified the revolt.
Peasants were determined to possess food supplies and lands that considered rightfully theirs "Kagan, D., Ozment, S., Turner, F., & Frank, A." (2013). Kagan, D., Ozment, S., Turner, F., & Frank, A. (2013). The Western Heritage. 11th ed. Pearson.
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The Night of August 4
On August 4,1789 the National Assembly attempted to halt the spreading disorder.
Several nobles & clerics gave up their land to curb the violence. August 4th all French citizens were subject to the same and equal laws.
Government positions were open based on talent rather than birth and wealth "Kagan, D., Oament, S., Turner, F., Frank, A." (2013). Kagan, D., Oament, S., Turner, F., Frank, A. (2013). The Western Heritage. 11th ed. Pearson.
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
August 27 the Assembly issued the declaration.
The declaration proclaimed all men were born free and equal in rights.
Natural rights were proclaimed to be liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression "Kagan, D., Ozment, S., Turner, F., & Frank, A." (2013). Kagan, D., Ozment, S., Turner, F., & Frank, A. (2013). The Western Heritage. 11th ed. Pearson.
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The End of the French Revolution
Following the king's execution wars with various European powers and divisions in the convention gave way to the Reign of Terror.
The Jacobins seized control of the convention. They established a new calendar and eradicated Christianity. They also began a 10 month period executing people suspected enemies of the revolution.
In 1795, the convention decided on a new constitution ending the revolution "French" (2009). "French Revolution" (2009). Retrieved from: https://www.history.com/ -
Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
In 1799 Napoleon was part of a group that overthrew the French Directory known as The Coup of 18 Brumaire.
He became the first consul making him France's leading political figure.
In 1800 Napoleon's forces defeated the Austrians in the Battle of Marengo cementing his power as first consul "Napoleon" (2009). "Napoleon Bonaparte". (2009). Retrieved from: https://www.history.com/topics/france/napoleon#section_3 Picture retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-I -
Napoleon Becomes Emperor
Napoleon worked toward stabilizing France.
His most significant achievement was the Napoleonic Code. This code streamlined the legal system and continues to form the foundation of the French legal system today.
in 1802, an amendment made Napoleon first consul for life. In 1804 he crowned himself the emperor of France "Napoleon" (2009). "Napoleon Bonaparte". (2009). Retrieved from: https://www.history.com/topics/france/napoleon#section_3 Picture Retrieved from: https://www.history.com/ -
Napoleon's Reign
1803 - 1815 France was engaged in the Napoleonic Wars. This was a series of major wars with various nations.
During his reign he reestablished the French aristocracy.
In 1864 Napoleon was forced to relinquish the throne "Napoleon" (2009). "Napoleon Bonaparte". (2009). Retrieved from: https://www.history.com/topics/france/napoleon#section_3
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Battle of Waterloo and the End of Napoleon's Reign
Napoleon returned to France a year into his exile in 1815
He gathered forces and invaded Belgium.
He was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by the British with assistance from the Prussians.
Once again he had to relinquish the throne and was exiled again "Napoleon" (2009). "Napoleon Bonaparte" (2009). Retrieved from: https://www.history.com/topics/france/napoleon#section_3
Picture Retrieved from: https://www.history.com/news/7-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-battle-of-waterloo