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Christianity Not Mysterious
One of the earliest Diest works by John Toland. -
Print Culture
The emergence of the Print Culture helped to spread literacy and ideas from the Philosophes -
First English Translation of the Qur'an
It was thought by the universities that Isam too often embodies religious fanaticism. -
Coffeehouses pop up helping to spread the word
Ideas were spread not only by printed works, but also thru word of mouth -
David Hume
Argued in "Of Miracles" that no empirical evidence supported the belief in divine miracles central to much of Christianity. -
Spirit of the Laws
Montesquie's book which exhibits the internal tension of the Enlightenment. -
Émilie du Châtelet
Translated Newton's Principia Mathematica into French and provided annotations which assisted in spreading the influence -
First Volume of the Encyclopedia Appears
Under leadership of Denis Diderot & Jean Le Rond d'Alenbert eventually had 17 volumes. -
Period: to
Catherine the Great of Russia
Born a German princess and became Russia's Empress. Befriended nobles and read books of the philosophes. very shrewd. Murdered her husband. -
On Crimes and Punishments published
published by Beccaria, applying critical analysis for punishment being both effective and just. -
Period: to
Joseph II of Austria
Embodies rational, impersonal force. Brother of Marie Antoinette. One of the three great Enlightenment monarchs -
Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations by Smith
Smith argued that the regulations hindered expansion of wealth, production and economic growth. -
Neckers report
After helping America, France's debt was larger. Necker produced a report to downplay France's financial difficulties -
Rights of Men and Citizens
Passed by France's National Constituent Assembly, it is an important document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights -
Estates General becomes National Assembly
The Estates General ended a standoff and invited clergy and nobles to join them to create a new legistative body. -
Fall of Bastille
Symbol of abuses by the monarchy; its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution. -
Great Fear
Worsening grain shortage begat rural unrest, fueled by rumors of an aristocrats' to starve or burn out the both peasants, and townspeople mobilized in many regions. Fearful peasants armed themselves in self-defense and attacked manor houses. Rumors differed in differing areas-in some, it was believed a foreign force was burning crops in fields, while in others it was believed robbers were burning buildings. Fear of peasant revolt was a determining factor in the decision to abolish feudalism. -
Execution of Louis XVI
One day after being convicted of conspiracy with foreign powers and sentenced to death by the French National Convention, King Louis XVI is executed by guillotine in the Place de la Revolution in Paris -
Period: to
Reign of Terror
Purge France of enemies of the Revolution and protect the country from foreign invaders. -
Marie Antoinette executed
At a time of economic turmoil in France, she lived extravagantly and encouraged her husband to resist reform of the monarchy. In one episode, she allegedly responded to news that the French peasantry had no bread to eat by callously replying, “Let them eat cake.” Condemed for treason -
Period: to
French Directory
A five-member committee which governed France from 1795, when it replaced the Committee of Public Safety, until it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire (8–9 November 1799) and replaced by the French Consulate. It gave its name to the final four years of the French Revolution. -
Napoleons Rise Coup of 18 Brumaire
The Directory was replaced with a three-member Consulate, and Napoleon became first consul, making him France’s leading political figure -
Napoleon becomes Emperor
After uncovering an assassination plot, Napoleon makes himself emperor arguing the regime would be more secure and additional assassination attempts would be useless, -
Period: to
Napoleons Reign
Napoleon builta large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. One of the greatest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy has endured as one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history -
Period: to
Congress of Vienna
The reconstruction of Europe at the Congress of Vienna is probably the most seminal episode in modern history. Not only did the congress redraw the map entirely. It determined which nations were to have a political existence over the next hundred years and which were no -
Resources
Kagan, D., Turner, F. M., Ozment, S. E., & Frank, A. (2012). The western heritage: Combined volume. Pearson. Wikipedia. (2017, June 01). Retrieved June 03, 2017, from https://www.wikipedia.org/
