English Civil War A-Level

By JJH2010

  • Gunpower Plot

    Unsuccessful plot to blow up parliament by Catholics
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    30 Years war

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    Financial measures - fines

    Recusancy fines - fined those who refused to attend compulsory Church of England services on Sundays. Mainly attacked Catholics. By 1634 it had created £26,866.
    Forest fines - any land that had exceeded the royal forest boundaries were fined. £38,667 was raised. Angered the rich and powerful.
    Building fines - fines for building beyond town boundaries. Burden fell on workers around London.
    Enclosure fines - fines for landowners for illegally enclosing common land. Angered landowners.

  • The Madrid trip

    Collapsed all hope of a marriage match for James's son Charles I. Buckingham next drove forward an anti-Spanish pro-French agenda and created a marriage contract between Charles I and Princess Henrietta Maria

  • The Mansfeld expedition

    By Buckingham, it was intended to provide military support to Charles' brother in law Fredrick palatinate.
    It failed as the French didn't want to comply with what James said and therefore refused them safe passage in the Spanish Netherlands

  • Tonnage and Poundage

    Tax on imports and exports
    Since 1547 it was used to support the navy

  • The Cadiz Expidition

    They got drunk while attempting to capture Spanish treasure ships and therefore failed miserably. The navy became the humiliation of parliament. Buckingham was blamed since he was Lord High Admiral

  • Financial measures - customs duty

    Such as tonnage and poundage. Parliament granted it to Charles for one year only (monarchs usually had it for entire reign) as he could not be trusted with money. He continued to collect it throughout his rule anyway, showing that he did not care for parliamentary prerogative

  • James Dead and Charles ascends to the throne

  • York House Conference

    By Buckingham, to settle debates between puritans and Catholics. it was clear he had Arminian sympathies. Didn't change much

  • Attempted impeachment of Buckingham

    (May)
    Parliament blamed him for foreign policy but Charles dissolved parliament before they could impeach B. This showed that Charles cared more about his friends than the good of the country
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    The forced loan

    More of a tax than a loan
    Went against parliaments prerogative as they were meant to approve all taxes

  • Five Nights case

    (November)
    Charles imprisoned five nights who didn't pay the forced loan.
    Created the wit of Habeas Corpus which prevented punishment without a trial (shows them trying to prevent an authoritarianism rule from Charles)
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    La Rochelle Raids

    Buckingham launched another naval expedition to relieve Huguenots forces under attack but it failed because the ladders were too short so they went home.

  • Charles recalled parliament

    (March)
    Because he needed money
    He agreed to address grievances such as Billeting and marital law in exchange parliament offered 5 subsides and tonnage and poundage.
    Billeting = Placement of soldiers in private houses

  • Petition of Right

    Parliament believed Magana Carta (1215) was not strong enough to protect the rights of the people. It set out new terms such as:
    - Could only be taxed with Parliamentary consent
    - The imposition of Billeting and marital law became illegal
    - Subjects could only be imprisoned if just cause was demonstrated in court

  • First attempt at Ship Money

    Attempted when he issued writs to coastal counties which would've brought in £170,000. Cancelled them due to local collectors refusing to collect a tax that Parliament hadn't endorsed. 'Having no legal power to levy the same upon subject. We dare not presume to do it,' - York Commissioner.

  • The 'Graces'

    in return for a parliamentary grant of 3 subsidies of £120'000 over three years the Lord deputy (not went) would agree to grant the following concession:
    - Recusancy fines would not be corrected
    - Guarantee of land titles over 60 years old
    - Relaxation of Catholic requirement to take Oath of Supremacy in public offices Wentworth was expected to honour this agreement. Once the subsides were voted the Graces were not to be addressed by Wentworth

  • Assassination of Buckingham

    He was killed by army Lieutenant John Felton, Charles blamed parliament as they saw Buckingham as a scapegoat for all issues and Charles was very sad because he liked Buckingham (Laura's words) Parliament was dissolved

  • Conformity

    All Scottish subjects made to kneel and take communion at least once a year. They believed that it showed Catholic connotations and that Charles was extending his authority into the Church = they didn't like this as Protestants, and as people with rights.
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    Charles's personal rule

    Ruled without parliament. Made Charles seem authoritarian and absolutist

  • Charles recalled parliament

  • Laud became Chancellor of oxford University

    Served as Treasury Commissioner and joined Privy Council committee on foreign affairs

  • The Book of Orders

    (January)
    First issued in 1578 but revised and republished.
    Was a means of communication between the crown and local government. Set out new working practices of JPs (Justice's of the Peace) such as:
    - send monthly reports to their sheriff
    - have meetings with other officials every month, e.g. churchwardens and constables Non-compliance penalties included punishments issued by the Star Chamber

  • Book of Sport re-released

    Originally from 1618
    Outlined activities to do on a Sunday (the holy day of rest)
    Felt as though it was an attack on puritanism
    Was immediately controversial

  • William Laud became Archbishop of Canterbury

  • Abolition Feoffees

    Past abuse of previous rights to collect tithes of the parish in the 1620s led puritan groups of merchants and landowners to buy up the rights to collect the tithes = impose puritan ministers. Known as feoffees (or trustees). Laud used star chamber to abolish them for Impropriations.

  • Policy of Thorough

    Method of governance imposing strict standers on royal officials such as:
    - Sherifs
    - JP's
    - Bishop
    - Judges

  • Wentworth appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland

    His goals included:
    - To impose the authority of the English Crown
    - __,,__ Religious uniformity and conformity in Laudian style
    - To make Ireland profitable for the King

  • Charles Scottish Coronation

    Happened 8 years after he became English king.
    This upset the Scottish and caused bad relations

  • Charles levied Ship Money successfully

    Just coastal towns and cities.

  • All Scottish bishops made JPs

    Innovation extended into England and Ireland soon after
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    Ship Money collection time span

  • Ship Money expanded

    Ship Money is applied to the whole of England. He raised around £300,000. This was the equivalent of 3 parliamentary subsides. It applied to more people than those who would've been reached by parliamentary subsides.

  • Financial measures - distinct of knighthood

    Anyone holding land worth over £40 had to attend the coronation of Charles I and be knighted or fined if not attending.

  • Raise the bar for conformity

    Published new set of Scottish Canons that weren't traditional to Scottish which were dramatically different:
    - imposed on Church without being ratified by Scottish General Assembly
    - bishops given authority by formal ceremony instead of election by ministers (Presbyterian compromise)
    - no mention of traditional institutions such as general assembly, Presbyteries, or Kirk sessions.
    - new prayer book which everyone had to use. Those who did not conform were excommunicated (SHOCK HORROR)

  • Trial and punishment of Prynne, Burton and Bastwick

    The star chamber had found them guilty of seditious libel because they had written pamphlets against Laud's policies. Burton and Bastwick = cut off their ears. Prynne = cheeks were seared with an iron, one ear cut off and piece of cheek. S L were also burned into his cheeks to represent "seditious libel" but many believed it meant "sign of Laud". Not traditional punishment and didn't respect hierarchal traditions as it was normally used for lower class.

  • The Hampden Case

    John Hampden (puritan MP) was taken to court for not paying Ship Money. 5/12 judges agreed that Ship Money was unlawful, showing that Charles was not supported by his own legal system. Raised the debate of why there were constitutional issues.

  • Scots general assembly

    Charles allowed the Scottish to hold a general assembly in Glasgow, they IMMEDIATELY voted to remove the episcopacy and abolish the new prayer book

  • The Bishops War

    Struggle over abolition of the episcopacy.
    (Scots kind of won - Unsure)
    Charles expected his force to be intimidating but they were crap instead

  • Charles summoned Wentworth to England

  • Pacification of Berwick

    Contained an agreement from both sides to disband their armies. Charles also agreed to recall the Scottish General Assembly and the Scottish Parliament

  • Second Bishops War

    Despite the pacification of B neither the King or Covenant disbanded their armies leading to tension. With no other options C1 called the council of peers (1640). Which made peace through the treaty of Ripon:
    - Army could remain in Newcastle and would be paid £850 a day
    - English Parliament would be recalled and would not be dissolved until the Scots had been paid

  • C1 Strengths in 1640

    Support of the house of lords (relied on his for funding and titles)
    Press censorship (Prynne, Burton and Bastwick)
    Legal system supremacy (Hampdon)
    Resources of all three kingdoms (Strafford in Ireland)
    Authority over foreign policy (Cadiz/funding from king of Espania)
    Determined and effective ministers (Wentworth + Laud)
    Command of the Army (Treaty of Ripon)
    p. 74

  • C1 Weaknesses in 1640

    Unable to handle opposition in debate without seeing it as disloyalty (Divine Right, Royal Prerogatives, Authoritarian suspicions)
    Reliant of the good will of local government office workers (Ship money collection)
    p. 75

  • 1640 strengths v. weaknesses judgement

    King = quite strong, still had control over most stuff but opposition is growing. Divisions within parliamentary opposition
    Parlt = Very divided in ideas but shared a common goal of opposing the kings authoritarian leaning

  • Parliament strengths in 1640

    Unity of purpose (to remedy the abuses of the personal rule, to revive relationship of king and parlt)
    Interconnections (links between key individuals - providence Ireland company
    Quality of Intellect (lawyers e.g. John Hampden)
    London support (root and branch)

  • Parliament Weaknesses in 1640

    Bridge appointment scheme (p. 80)
    Root and Branch debates (p. 81)
    Many arguments and divisions (p. 82)

  • The Cumbernauld Band

    A group of 18 Scottish nobles led by Montrose signed an agreement (CB) which expressed their loyalty to the king - they had been alarmed (alarmed Laura, they'd been alarmed!) with the radical developments among the covenanters. They had been pushed too far from voicing grievances into OUTRIGHT rebellion against the monarch.
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    Bedford's Bridge Appointment scheme

    Only form of settlement given to Charles. Fit with his own view of kingship and represented no fundamental change. Concept of a bridge between crown and parliament.
    Charles hated implication of losing Laud/Wentworth but needed to in order to restore royal authority.
    It resolved Charles finance issues, reducing vulnerability for grievance debate.
    It collapsed however due to Charles, and Bedford being dead. Without him, the situation began to deteriorate.
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    London Mob

    Early 1640s.
    OG Derogatory term to describe population of London who were involved in politics but not noble. Tied in with snobish perception of the 'lower sort'.
    Believed social order needed stability.
    Not cohesive movement despite suggesting a form of membership and structure that didn't exist. It was a convenient way for political activists to act beyond Westminster
    Prlt actively harnessing the mob to pressure the king to do bidding
    Key issue = religious reform, e.g. RB Petition (Dec 1640)
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    Religious Radicalism

    Neutralising of Laud Dec 1640 - impeached imprisoned for treason (executed later)
    Abolition of prerogative courts - star chamber/high commission removed = radical ideas/practice not dangerous
    Collapse of thorough - conformity not enforced due to bishops/clergy lose authority
    Released prisoners - Prynne/pamphleteers had convictions gone and were EAGER for vengeance
    Puritan network - 1630s connections came to a head in LP, e.g. providence Island Comp leading king opps
    Collapse of censorship
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    The Short Parliament

    Wentworth (Earl of Strafford) advised the king to recall parliament because Charles needed more money to fight the Scottish covenantors. Charles would listen to Parlt's grievances in order to receive subsidies (didn't happen). Parlt was pushed to support him (they didn't trust he would keep his word after he received the subsidies) as the king had intercepted a letter from the covenantors saying that France would support them as did much of Parlt. SP was dissolved
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    The Long Parliament

    Was not formally dissolved until 1660. Charles had little choice but to recall parliament as he had could no longer raise money through prerogative means. He understood that he needed to hear grievances in order to receive funding

  • The Grand Remonstance

    Contained an overview of Charles' reign and blamed evil advisors, corrupt bishops and papists for all current issues. It also presented a list of demands for constitutional change (e.g. Parlt influence over royal officers and the HofL to be cleared of Bishops and Catholic peers). It was passed by 159/248 votes

  • Negotiations failed between king and parliament (surprise surprise)

    Charles hadn't refused Parliament demands yet Pym Parliament felt a strong need to insist on greater king control. This resulted from Charles' own actions of deploying his powers to win back those he had lost. While appearing to address grievances, he simultaneously alienated them (shocker)

  • Settlement in Scotland

    With Bedford dead and the Army Plot a disaster, Charles needed to settle the Scots, providing momentum to English events.

  • Bill of Attainder

    Unable to pin any charges of Strafford, Pym changed tactics and created the bill (passed reluctantly by the HofL) to get him. He riled up the London Mob to force Parliament to pass the bill with 204 votes to 59 in favour. Some of the Lords were not present while it was passed and many claimed illness.
    Strafford - "put not your trust in princes,"
    Charles forced to sign death warrant VERY reluctantly

  • The Army Plot

    Charles order army to return to commands in the north. Roomers spread that Charles was plotting to march to London to free Strafford (tower of London) and forcibly dissolve parliament. Crowds gathered around Whitehall palace due to further roomers of Henrietta-Maria negotiating with Catholic powers for foreign support

  • The protestation Oath

    All males had to join the army (we think) it was initially only office holders July 1641 - Charles ascended to the oath (to protect his family)
    1642 - Extended to every adult male in England and Wales

  • Wentworth execution

    The 'Black Tom Tyrant' Sir Thomas Wentworth was executed for high treason.
    Pym was unable to pin charges on him so enacted the Bill of Attainder which allowed them to execute him.
    Charles was pushed to sign the death warrant and he never forgave Parliament for doing so which further broke down relations between the crown and them.

  • The Incident

    During August, Charles travelled to Scotland for the Truce of Ripon and gain political support. Parliament was anxious at what he may achieve. They sent Hampden to spy on him. The incident came to a head when Charles attended the Edinburgh parliament accomponied by armed forces. The plot had been leaked and his targets escaped. This proved again that Charles couldn't be trusted (surprise).

  • Nineteen Propositions

    19 conditions for Charles including:
    - Parliament control royal appointments
    - Parliament responsible for educating royal children/ their marriages
    - better anti-Catholic measures
    - reformed Anglican Church in line with parliament directions
    - five mps cleared of all charges
    king approve militia ordinance and drop use of commissions = relinquish royal prerogative rights Unsurprisingly, Charles rejected these.

  • Military Preparations

    Henrietta sold crown jewels to Frederick Henry (Prince of Orange) Danish King Christian IV.
    They were worried that if Charles failed to win the war, they would be threatened by Parlt
    Propaganda from both sides
    (R)Lord Strange tried to seize weapons from Manchester (fail)
    Parliament - order to raise militia via the Commissions of Array (last used in 1500s where leaders had authority to raise forces for crown)
    12th July, Parlt passed resolution to raise a full army under Earl of Essex command.

  • Charles set up headquaters in shrewsby

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    First Civil War

  • Five MP's (or 5 survived)

    The Lords accepted a commons vote of impeachment against bishops, excluding them from the HoL and weakening C1 support. In response C1 issued his own impeachment against 6 parliamentarians (5mps 1L) for treason (e.g Pym). They escaped after hearing Charles was coming with 500 soldiers his brother in law (Fredrick Palatinate). This was very bad because the king was not allowed in Parlt
    This caused the London Mob to surge (JSO styles)
    Charles moved fam to Hampton Court and moved court to York

  • Exclusion Bill

    Removed Bishops from the house of lords

  • The Militia Ordinance

    allowed parliament to command the militia, changing it from a bill to an ordinance meant they could make it a law without needing royal assent

  • Battle of Edge Hill

    IMPORTATNT
    Neither side could claim victory and were at a stand still. Essex circled the royalist armies heading off Prince Rupert's force (scared away)

  • Battle of Turnham Green

    Stand off and Charles failed to have a decisive military victory yet he had the advantage of support, equipment and army size

  • The Impressment ordinance

    Basically it was a parliamentary measure erm to create a legal right to conscript shoulders uh soldiers to the parliamentarian army. mmmm

  • Solemn League and Covenant

    (think you're so funny) Parlt sent commissioners to negotiate an alliance. Scots were keen to sign as they knew Charles would (Shane who's that?) reverse their constitution gains (1638-40) if managed to defeat Parlt (unlikely). Terms involved Scots sending an army of 22,000 to fight alongside Parlt in exchange for Parlt having Presbyo settlement for Anglican Church. Signed on the 7th and parlt was yet to ratify it. Created debate as Parlt and Scots not like each other.

  • Irish cessation

    It was yet another tactical blunder by C1 that pushed the solum league into being
    He signed the treaty with Irish Catholic rebels intended as a cease fire so he could focus on England however roomer spread that C1 was planning on bringing over a Catholic Irish Army (OH NO!) leading to fears of popery. With parliament pressing ahead with the covenantors singing the (SLaC) on the 23 spet 1643
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    Oxford Treaty

    Charles didn't peruse negotiations because Henrietta brought money and weapons from the King of Denmark and Henry of Orange. Prince Rupert was successful in the North and West and surprise surprise DIVINE RIGHT, Charles believed it to be distasteful to negotiate with Parliament
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    The siege and release of Gloucester

    It was a major city that would prevent Royalist armies from linking up towards London. Charles intended to besieging it to surrender. However, he failed to do so, opting for a larger siege instead of a tactical one. This allowed Parliament to organise its army and stop them
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    Parliaments Finance and funding - CW1

    Feb 1643 - Raising money for army maintenance through a weekly assessment
    March 1643 - Sequestering notorious delinquencies estates (royalists)
    May 1643 - Engaging public faith to secure re payment of money (similar to forced loan)
    July 1643 - For the speedy raising of finance by a purchase tax that affected everyone and was very unpopular Enforced by county committees like thorough

  • First Battle of Newburry

    A decisive blow to the kings army

  • Prynne avenged himself

    Led trial of Laud resulting in execution for treason

  • Seize of York

    The combined armies of Farifax and Manchester and the Scottish covenantors destroyed the royalist northern army

  • Battle of Marston Moor

    Decisive victory for parliament
    this was followed by the Seize of York

  • Self-Denying Ordinance

    Made it so an army officer could not be an MP. Focused on military skill rather than like social status
    Terms included:
    - the acknowledgement that Parlt had become divided and needed to unite
    - A separation of political and military functions
    - A new central army

  • Prince Charles Fled England

  • Failed (shock horror) Agreement at Uxbridge

    Demanded that the king should subscribe to the SLaC, allowing his prerogative to be limited.
    However, unsurprisingly, there was NO UNIVERSE in which Charlie-boy would ever agree.

  • Second battle of Naseby

    Parlt out manned royalist army
    14000 v 7500
    Decisive (not that anyone could have guessed that)
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    Propositions of Newcastle

    July - The second largest royalist army was defeated in summerset
    September - Prince Rupert surrendered Bristol (C1 very very angry)
    September - Scot Royalist army destroyed at the battle of Philiphaugh
    Terms included:
    C1 accept Presbyo in Eng for three years
    Parlt in control of army for 20 years
    58 Royalists would be punished but the rest pardoned
    The Triennial Act was to remain Charles responded by hoping that Parlt divisions would created instability, allowing him to insert authority

  • First Ormond Agreement

    Fucking Charles 1 made an agreement with Moderate Confederate Catholics however, its terms were not accepted by a powerful Catholic faction. It was rejected by the Irish assembly

  • Scottish attempt at reaching a settlement

    Sir Robert Murray had put a peace treaty on behalf of Scotland in front of the King however, Charles kept to the trend of refusing (at least he's consistent)
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    Irish rebellion time span

    reasons - Constitutional reform and religious vengeance (shock horror)
    INFO LATER

  • Deal with English Parliament

    The Scots offered an exchange for £400'000
    The final resolution was: Scotland would promise to support the king and his decedents, the king had to subscribe to the covenant and 19 propositions. Scotland would continue to affirm Charles' right to be king of England. They made it clear he did not agree he would no longer be welcome in Scotland and they would not come to his aid. However, he still refused

  • The Heads of Proposals

    August - Suggested terms for a settlement between the king and army. The key terms were:
    - Electoral reform
    - Biennial parliaments
    - Parliamentary control over the militia for 10 years
    - Parliament can appoint Great Officers of State (ministers of the crown) for 10 years
    - Religious settlement that provided for a national church with Bishops while legalising independent congregations and freedom of worship
    - An act of oblivion that granted widespread indemnity crimes in war time
    - VERY MODERATE

  • Presbyterian reaction in London

    7While the army waited for the King to respond they resumed their steady march towards London. The people of L became unsettled and two petitions were created by the people concerning the trained bans that would provide protection against the advancing New Model Army, on the 26 the mob surged into Westminster forcing the HoL to re-instate the L militia committee, keeping them captive until a resolution had been passed. Once they had left the Lords and Commons adjourned themselves and many fled.

  • Purge of officer ranks

    Parliament ordered this to remove MPs and no Presbyterians

  • The Humble Potion (officers and soldiers of the army)

    Requested soldiers pay (wages) to be brought up to date before disbandment. Previsions to be made for widows, orphans and the war-maimed. Indemnity to be granted for acts committed in war time that would be criminal in peace time. Volunteer troops to be allowed to refuse deployment outside of England. Denzel Holles responded with the declaration of dislike, creating a rift between the new model army and parliament.

  • Election of the Agitators

    8 cavalry regiments elected representatives (agitators) to meet with officers and insure the voices of poor soldier were heard. They received much support, publishing an endorsement of the Humble Petition-The VINDICATION of the officers of the army (of course it was why would it not be). In response to this opps in Parlt diffused its impact by arguing it was a series of demands and could not be delt with as whole. They required each regiment to send their own complaints in writing, individually

  • Humble Remonstrance and Solemn Engagement

    p.144-145 JJ's problem - yippeeeeeeee

  • Lilburne & Levellers

    John Lilburne (pamphleteer) had continued to develop his radical ideas by the mid 1640s and had a collective of supporters - the Levellers. They developed a wide range (the unsystematic) programme of economic social and political reforms. Until Autumn, Leveller ideas floated alongside the New Model Army's. UNSURPRISINGLY they gained major opps in Parlt.

  • Large Petition

    Showcased Leveller political values:
    - HoL was an instrument of tyranny
    - HoC was the true representative of the people
    - law courts were not allowed to pursue godly people for nonconformity
    - trade monopolies should be abolished as they oppress the regular trader/ person
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    Engagement with Scots (Scotland Foreverr)

    C1 negotiated secretly with them whilst imprisoned in Carisbrooke. In return, the declaration contents would be inline with Scottish desires as he agreed to a Presbyo settlement in CofE for 3 years; unite two kingdoms; disband English armies; allow Scot occupation of boarder towns such as Carlisle; suppress ALL religious independency. Charles (UNSUFUCKINGPRISINGLY) refused to agree.

  • Parliament vote to disband army

    ended up causing the army to morph into a political force (well done)

  • Representation of the Army

    The Army released another document called 'The |Representation of the Army'. It outlined the army's fundimental demands with regards to Parlt:
    - purge of Parlt intending to remove army opposition from HoC
    - future fixed derations for Parlt
    - guaranteed right of freedom of people to petition Parlt
    - liberty of tender consciences allowing freedom for worship
    = army was now a political force

  • The agreement of the people

    Leveller idea spread and a new political threat emerged alongside this - arguments for widespread political reform based on a truly representative Parlt.
    The agreement of the people included discussions of:
    - English people wanted voting system to be equal, that their votes would be counted rather than overruled
    - Parlt will be held every two years, starting on the first Thursday ever 2nd March and continue to the following Sept
    - a representative democracy - represented by those they choose.

  • Army Council met (Fairfax organised it)

    Headquarters in Putnui in the church. Cromwell/Ireton = grandees spokesmen Rainsborough/Wildman/Sexby =Leveller spokesmen. Debated:
    - Parlt authority
    - Levellers = current system of Parlt/crown was oppressive. Norman kings should be overthrown
    - grandee = expression of ancient rights and liberties which could be modified
    - right to suffrage = grandees necessary qualification for electoral rights
    - levellers overthrow of current system for more voting
    - Cromwell's effort for unity stood out

  • Putney debate undermined by Leveller tract

    A call to all army soldiers was anonymous but probs Wildman. Created mutiny on basis that Ireton/Crommers had betrayed army. "They are as likely to be at Hampton Court as they are here,". There were disturbances on a number of minor mutinies. On Nov 8th all agitators were ordered nback to regiments and Crommers/Ireton shut down the debates with motives unknown but must have included; Charles plotting, general council unlikely, leveller agitation, emergence of extreme attitudes towards king.

  • Charlie-Boy runs away to Isle of Wight

    Presented himself to Governer Colonal Hammond who arrested him and reimprisoned him at Carisbrooke Castle. Where unity had been breaking down a lot. Charles' actions caused the army to rebond over this common enemy (HAHAHA). Preparing to a new battle against the king lost moral. His actions proved that he should not be trusted again (Shocker)

  • 4 Bills

    Parlt passed new set of terms to be sent to C1 = negotiate in person in L:
    - settling forces on sea land = Parlt control of militia for 20 years
    - justify Parlt proceedings = prevent C1 from revoking Parlt business in absence
    - Parlt prevented him from adjourn Parlt
    - peers lately = revoked recent honours made by king Parlt didn't know that Charles had been secretly negotiating with Scots (CHARLESSS) Dec 26th (2 days before 4 bill rejection) Charles treaty with Scots (The Engagement)

  • Canterbury Rising

    Citizens irked by abolition of Christmas proceedings and annoyed that they had to open their businesses like normal. They rioted "for God, King Charles, and KENT!". The small Parlt garret from the town published a declaration. In response, Parliament sent 3000 soldiers and besieged the town. Canterbury surrendered without a fight and Parlt were definitely not then oppressive in any way. Totally.

  • Rebellion in Kent & Essex

    (5)
    Under Parlt control from 1642, suffering the most from tax. By May, Kent was in respite. A special session held in Canterbury meant a "Humble Petition for knights, commonality, gentry, clergy" asked:
    - the king brought back quickly/ safely
    - army audited and disbanded
    - governed by English subjects with undoubted birth right
    - no tax allowed Initially, 200 signed petition and within days, there were 2000. A march was planned for May 29th. 10000 Kent men beat Fairfax. Escapees fled to Essex.

  • Second Civil War

    February - August Considerably different to the FCW. There was no coalescence of a focused Royalist party. Instead, there were few pitched battles and more risings. Basically fuck-all happened. Typically, these were rooted in certain grievances rather than loyalties to C1. In fact it is possible to categorise some. Such as one who was anti-Parliamentarian rather than pro-Royalist.
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    Siege of Colchester

    Resulting from Kent/ Essex rebellion.
    Starvation = trade horse/dog meat. News pamphlet (Another Bloody Fight) related how the town commanders Lucas and Lisle "rather to die like Sons of Mars in a field than submit basely to the mercy of an enemy and surrender the down onto dishonourable conditions". Fairfax decided siege despite military strength. Storming the town = worse due to rape/slaughter as soldiers fought way through city. Royalist Martyrs, Lucas/Lisle were executed. Milton supported.

  • Vote of No Addresses

    Based with evidence of Charles' double-dealing, and the Scots impending, the Commons voted on a resolution. "This house doth declare, that they will make no further addresses or applications to the king,". By a majority of 141 to 90. Due to army council pressure, the resolution passed through quickly. It was clear that no settlement with the king would be reached and war would be inevitable.

  • Rebellion in South-Wales

    Colonal Poyer (Parlt commander at Pembroke Castle and mayor) declared for the king. He was disgruntled at not recieving anticipated payment from FC1, refusing to demobalise until paid. Cromwell was dispatched there. They held out for 7 weeks but capitulated when Crommers siege canons arrived. He blew lots up and ordered the castle's removal in 1648 after the towns half-hearted attempt to blow up a wall. They wrote to him wanting their money and food. The castle wasn't demolished and crumbled.

  • Scottish Invasion

    Sir Marmaduke Langdale led a royalist force from Scot to seize Berwick whilst another royalist Sir Musgrave brough a force to take Carlisle.
    Weaknesses = Marques of Hamilton championed negotiations with Charles but it did not have much support. Charles had no means to pay for the scots leaving them ill equipped. Hamilton was unskilled, the Scottish army was a disparate assembly of 103'00 scots, 4'000 royalists. Monroe refused to fight under Calendar and vise versa

  • Parliament attempt to reach settlement

    Parliament voted 165/99 that it would not 'Alter the fundamental government of the kingdom by king, lords and commons' in August Parliament the vote of No Addressees much to the dismay of the army

  • The Battle of Preston

    Hamilton engaged with John Lambert and L delayed the Scots for Cromwell. Crom had lots of military skill and out manoeuvred Hamilton and devastated his army. Cromwell and Lambert quickly removed the last royalist opposition

  • Treaty of Newport

    Progress:
    - Charles agreed to 3 year presbyo settlement while Westminster drew up a permanent solution
    - Royalist covered by act of oblivion
    - The king would not swear the covenant oath
    - The king would cease attempting to reach a settlement with the Irish settlement
    However, of course, Charlie boy continued to double deal with the Irish

  • Prides Purge

    Colonel Pride stood at commons door and prevented political presbyos from entering. Ireton created a list of roughly 180 MPs that should be excluded which 45 to be arrested e.g. Prynne (SING OF LAUD). Those remaining became the rump parliament averaging 80 MPs and 8 Lords. It was likely Com and Fax new it was planned by denied it (THE NILE IS A RIVER IN EGYPT YOU ARE A DICK)
  • Period: to

    Rump Parliament

  • Prince Charles named King of Scotland and Ireland

    THE KING OF BLING I'M THE KING WHO BROUGHT BACK PARTYING

  • Drogheda

    Sept - Very brutal sieges around key royalist strongholds, it was a key city as it was close to Dublin and controlling it would cut Dublin from Ulster

  • First Leveller mutiny

    April - Colonel Whalley's regiment. Soldiers refused to leave their quarters and it took personal persuasion from Cromwell and Fairfax to disperse it. The ringleaders were executed was followed by a Leveller procession march through London

  • Second Leveller mutiny

    Five cavalry regiments mutinied and Leveller soldiers mutinied in Banbury. Cromwell and Fairfax were more successful at quelling this and did so by a night-time assault. By this point, the Leveller movement was over.

  • Council of State created

    New body created after vacuum after loss of executive powers. Made up of 41 councillors elected by the Rump. Attendance was poor with only around 9-15 members showing up on a regular basis.
  • Period: to

    Third Civil War

  • Second Ormond Agreement

    Basically so um an agreement didn't really change when Charles died ("Fucks sake" "die" - Laura) it just transferred to his son. The terms included (you forgot the colon):
    - 'Full assurance' that Irish Catholics would have equality with Irish Protestants including freedom of worship and lifting the ban of Catholics holding political and military office.
    - Dissolution of Confederate govt
    - Re-structuring of Irish royalist army
    This Royalism created much fear within parliament
  • Period: to

    Trial of Charles 1

    The Trial was in Westminster Great hall
    = Not legitimate trial
    John Bradshaw was the president of the court using Magna Carta King John to justify proceedings. Despite 135 commissioners being selected only 70 attended most only stayed the first day. They impeached the king as a tyrant traitor to England. Charles' defence is that 1. I'm king so fuck you 2. that the trial was illegitimate so he refused to defend himself or recognise their judgment and his death. 59/135 signed death warrant

  • Execution of King

    Charles was executed for treason. (Sorrows, prayers, sad violin)

  • Scottish Conditions placed on Jr

    Until he agreed to these terms he would be refused entry to Scotland:
    - Subscribe to and sustain the national and solemn league Covenant
    - Maintain the Scottish Presbyterian Church settlement
    - Establish a Presbyterian Settlement in England and Ireland

  • House of Lords abolished

  • Wexford

    More brutaler and can be seen as a massacre with unnecessary slaughter. Cromwell claimed it was God's work and therefore justifiable.

  • The Montrose Rising

    Early 1650 - Hoping to ignite a Royalist, the Marquis of Montrose led a small force of mercenary's in an attempt to sweep Jr into a Scotland Coronation. There was very little will to fight and his army was defeated at the battle of Carbisdale with Jr distancing himself from both

  • Battle of Dunbar

    Sept -
    Crommers/New Model Army (7500 foot soldiers 3500 cavalry) marched to Scotland faced by Leslie (MM hero) commanding 22000 men had upper hand. Denied provisions to NMA trapping them in Dunbar's surroundings, cutting off their line of retreat to England. Crommers warned Haselrig to expect an invasion. Perchance the Scots were complacent (who fucking knows) but Crommers outflanked Leslie's troop at night on Sept 2nd, attacking at dawn. Scot army fled. Followed by occupation of Edinburgh.

  • Treaty of Breda

    Whilst Jr is in exile in the Dutch republic he considered Scottish Parliaments settlement, the main terms were:
    - Compulsory subscription to the covenant
    - King and fam become Presbyo's
    - No toleration for Catholics ANYWHERE
    - All recent treaties annulled
    - Recognition of the covenantor dominated Parliament
    He should also condemn his father and sensor his mothers Catholicism

  • Battle of Worcester

    1st anniversary of Battle of Dunbar, Jr NMA met at Worcester. By end of day, many Royalists were DEAD or captured. Jr was running so not to be prisoner. Confident knob Cromwell credited providence for decisive victory. The Royalist revival hadn't arrived and Jr fled to France, disguising himself as a tree (HSM style) and would remain there until 1660.

  • Rump Parliament forcibly dissolved (ring any bells??)

    Cromwell strode into Parlt with 30 soldiers and dissolved it.
    Strengths:
    - careful handling of local events = little serious opposition
    - maintain stability/order despite religious, economic, radical, and Scottish/Irish affairs
    - raise enough finance Failures:
    - high tax
    - low attendance (only around 70/210 active MPs)
    - new legislation passage decreased throughout Parlt

  • Nominated Assembly (NA)

    Cromwell's power went unchallenged. Gathered army council together to join 140 men from GB, summoning them to Westminster. Not a Parlt but gained a derogatory name after member Praise-God Barebone It served as a lazy stereotype that it was a council of religious zealots. NA pushed through small amount of legislation:
    - promotion of godly reformation including
    -- marriage law reform
    -- abolition of tithes
    - more humane treatment of insane
    - tougher highwaymen measures
    - abolition of Chancery

  • Removal of NA

    Ran into trouble when it attempted to purge JPs and remove conservative members. Caused dismay in localities. Moderates were scared by radical sectarians within Barebones Parlt. Fears grew that they would usher in much confusion. General Lambert (Crommers' bitch and assembly member) led a military coup coordinating with political moderates. Proceedings opened early morning. Lambert brought vote to disperse assembly and hand power to Crommers. With no radicals present, it passed quickly.

  • Cromwell becomes Lord Protector (because of course he does)

    Was taken from Whitehall to Westminster with Lambert and soldiers lining the route. Lambert carried the sword of state and proceeded Cromwell as they entered the hall. The articles of the Instrument of Government (England's first constitution) drafted by Lambert and issued by army council were read out before Cromwell took an oath to uphold them.
  • Period: to

    First Protectorate Parliament

    Dissolved at Crommers' earliest opportunity and did so with disgust because:
    - Parliament brought through attempts to amend Instrument of Government to give itself power
    - powerful minority faction of 'Commonwealthsmen' (republicans) led by Sir Haselrig posed Crommers' dissolution of Rump. Deemed his actions as a drift towards kingship
    - godly reformation not pursued, instead toleration
    - electoral reform redistributed power from towns and towards counties = difficult to manage
    - no leg enacted
  • Period: to

    Rule of Major Generals

    Aug 55 - Jan 57
    A shit-show basically

  • Humble Petition and Advice 1 (Feb)

    New constitutional proposal brought to Parlt. The Naylor case exposed problems of Major Generals. Desborough was quiet when Parlt introduced militia bill = turn decimation tax from temporary to permanent. Major Generals were already unpopular and this made it worse. Faced with choice between moderate Parliamentarians and radical army, Cromwell found himself on civilian gentry side, supporting John Claypole = death kneel to Major Generals and Instrument of Government = MASSIVE FAIL

  • Offer of Crown

    Feb
    Most towns were conservative but accepting of Crommers:
    - new definition of religious liberty/tolerance
    - establishment of church with wide confession of faith
    - reduction of Council of State (similar to privy council)
    - creation of new upper chamber with elected members from lord protector/council
    - right of lord protector to nominate successor
    Moderated Crommers' power but called for reinstatement of monarchy. Debated for several weeks before being presented. Unsurprisingly, he rejected it

  • Humble Petition volume 2

    Revised remonstrance presented again to Crommers despite long consideration, he rejected it and it was AGAIN send back for a redraft (whoopty-doo)

  • Humble Petition and Addressees of the Officers

    Recommended the restoration of the Commonwealth without a king, single person or house of lords. But did endorse the creation of a Senate

  • Cromwell's death

    DING DONG THE BITCH IS DEAD (Buckingham's spirit never dies #icon)

  • George Booth Rising (Aug)

    In Cheshire Booth mobilised an army along with smaller rising in the midlands and west country. However, the Surry and Oxfordshire rising failed to materialise, leading to a lack of action. Local militia managed to rise against Booth, with Lambert quelling the risings for good.

  • End of Third Protectorate Parliament

    Forcibly dissolved by Major General Desborough when he put Crommers Jr under house arrest

  • Dismissal of Rump

    Parliament began to discuss how to add members without calling new elections. With tensions rising, Haselrig ordered the closure of Commons' doors, forcing the Rump to expel anyone from the army who would be ringleaders in risings. Lambert (who had just been expelled from the army) managed to rally troops and assembled around Westminster, preventing the Rump from entering Parliament.

  • Prides Purge reversed

    Rump returned and all surviving previously outcast members. This was known as the Committee of Safety

  • Declaration of Breda pt.2

    Proposal for Jr's restoration, it coved all issues that might be of significance

  • The Convention of Parliament

    Debated Breda pt.2. The indemnity act involved:
    - Anyone who signed C1 death warrant would be killed
    - Crommers body hung drawn and quartered