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No Language Policy
Founding fathers decide that there isn’t a policy on Language -
The beginning
The journy of billingual education in the United States begins. Eurpoean immigrants settled into rural areas and used thier native language for instruction -
Ohio - First State!
First state to pass law regarding billingual education -
Native American Instruction
Measures regarding bilingual education begin when Congress passed a law prohibiting Native-Americans from being taught in their own languages. Young children are taken from their parents and sent to private boarding schools. -
14th Amendment
This amendment, sanctioned after the Civil War, and declares that: "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." -
Separation of Native American children
Federal officials separate Native American children from their families and force them to attend boarding schools. Students are punished if they were caught speaking their native language. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
U.S. Supreme Court ruling that making public facilities "separate but equal". The decision was mainly made to segregate African American students however, in many parts of the country, Native American, Asian, and Hispanic students were also routinely segregated. -
Naturalization Act of 1906
Congress passes the first language law which states that in order to be naturalized one must speak English only -
WWI & Classroom Instruction
Upon entering WWI many states enacted English only instruction laws. -
English-only Instruction
Dictated in 34 states -
The National Defense Education Act
provides funding to schools including ELL programs -
Elementary and Secondary Act
enacted to ensure students receive a quality and effective education. Title VII (not established until 1967) of this act was specifically directed towards bilingual education. It provided opportunities for achieving academic equality, high standards and accountability for districts and Federal funding for all bilingual programs in the U.S. -
Bilingual Education Act
helped to disenfranchise language minority students and ultimately undermined English-only instruction laws many states still implemented. It supported bilingual programs; required the training of teachers, a developed and executed curricula; and encouraged parental involvement for ELL students. Led to the development of many districts’ ELL programs. -
Lau v. Nichols
Abolishment of the skin or swim practices that many schools still used. ELL students must not receive same practices as students with English as first language – schools must take affirmative steps to provide equal education for ELL students. -
EEOA
all children must be provided with equal educational opportunities. For bilingual programs this act states that all schools, not just those receiving Federal aid for programs, must provide bilingual educational programs or programs that are effectively providing an education to ELL -
Lau Remedies
meaningful instruction must be provided for ELLs. These remedies provided a blueprint for districts to identifyand determine proficiency of ELL students through bilingual programs. This also required that in order to receive funding schools and districts must provide evidence of their effective programs -
Language Minority Regulations
regualations requiring four basic components: identification, assessment, services and exits. requires that all bilingual instruction be given by qualified staff -
Castañeda v. Pickard
Fifth CIrcuit of U.S. Court of Appeals outlines a three-pronged test which states that to adequately meet the needs of students under the provisins of the 1974 Equal Educational Opportunites Act, programs must (1) be based on a pedagogically sound plan, (2) have enough qualified teachers to implement the program and (3) have a system that evaluates the program's effectiveness. -
Gomez v. Illinois State Board of Education
establishes that state education agencies are responsible for ensuring that language minority students' educational needs are met. -
Improving America's Schools Act
This act provided a major increase in funding for bilingual and immigrant education -
Lawsuits Against Districts
Opponents of bilingual education. Del Valle (2003) suggests that through these cases opponents of bilingual education attempted to turn the original purpose of bilingual education on its head by charging that a program that was developed to ensure that ELL students have the same educational opportunities as all other students was actually preventing equal educational opportunites for ELL students.
ie. Bushwick Parents Organization v Mills -
Anti-Bilingual Education
Beginning in 1998 voters are asked to decide policy for education ELLs. Passed in CA (98), AZ (00), Massachusetts (02). Rejected in CO (00) and OR (08). -
NCLB
No Child Left Behind. Bilingual Education turned into a state-administered formula-grant program. Children whom are LEP are expected to develop high levels of academic attainment in English and meet the same state academic standards children who's first language is English are expected to meet
