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Charles IV of Spain,
Charles IV of Spain, called "the Hunter" (November 11, 1748-19 January 1819), was king of Spain from December 14, 1788 until March 19, 1808. Son and successor of Charles III and of Maria Amalia of Saxony. He acceded to the throne shortly before the outbreak of the French Revolution, and his lack of character caused him to delegate the government of his reign to the hands of his wife María Luisa de Parma and his valid, Manuel Godoy -
Louis XVI of France
Louis XVI of France (August 23, 1754 - January 21, 1793) was King of France and Navarre, co-Prince of Andorra and King of the French.
His accession to the throne suggested great reforms of the state, but his lack of character, the intrigues of his court and the opposition of the nobles prevented him from carrying out the appropriate measures. As for foreign policy, it was more successful, weakening Great Britain and keeping peace in Europe. -
Manuel de Godoy
Manuel de Godoy (Badajoz, May 12, 1767 - Paris, October 4, 1851) was a Spanish nobleman and politician, favorite and prime minister of Charles IV between 1792 and 1798, and a strong man in the shadow of 1800 to 1808. He was Duke of Alcudia and Sueca and Prince of Peace for his negotiation of the Peace of Basel in 1795, title that years later Fernando VII declared illegal and that Godoy replaced by the Italian Prince of Bassano. -
Joseph I Bonaparte
Joseph I Bonaparte (January 7, 1768-28 July 1844) was a politician, diplomat and French lawyer, older brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, was king of Naples between March 30, 1806 and July 5, 1808 with the name of Jose I and king of Spain between the 6 of June of 1808 and the 11 of December of 1813 with the name of Jose I, lieutenant general of the French Empire (1814). -
Napoleon
Napoleon I Bonaparte (August 15, 1769-May 5, 1821) was a French military and ruler, Republican general during the Revolution and the Board of Directors and consul for life from August 2, 1802 until his proclamation as emperor of the French May 18, 1804, and was crowned on December 2, proclaimed King of Italy on March 18, 1805 and crowned on May 26. He held both titles until April 11, 1814 and, from March 20 to June 22, 1815. -
Ferdinand VII of Spain
Ferdinand VII of Spain, called "the Desire" (October 14, 1784-29 September 1833), was king of Spain between March and May 1808 and, after the expulsion of the "intruder king" Joseph I Bonaparte and his return to the country, again from May 1814 until his death, except for the brief interval in 1823 when he was dismissed by the Regency Council. -
Rafael Riego
Rafael Riego (April 7, 1785-7 November 1823) was a liberal Spanish soldier and politician. It gave name to the famous nineteenth-century anthem known as the Riego anthem, adopted by the liberals during the constitutional monarchy and, later, by the Spanish republicans. He died hanged after the restoration of absolutism that ended the Liberal Triennium. -
Carlos Borbón
Carlos Borbón also known as Don Carlos (March 29, 1788 - March 10, 1855) was an infant of Spain and the first Carlist claimant of the throne under the name of Carlos V, for being the second son of King Carlos IV and of Maria Luisa de Parma, and therefore brother of the successor king Fernando VII, to whose daughter Isabel II disputed the throne. Throughout his life he used the incognito titles of Duke of Elizondo and conde de Molina. -
Treaty of San Ildefonso of 1796
Treaty of San Ildefonso of 1796, or second treaty of San Ildefonso, by which France and Spain agreed to maintain a joint military policy to deal with Great Britain. -
María Cristina de Borbón
María Cristina de Borbón (April 27, 1806-22 August 1878) was queen consort of Spain for her marriage to King Ferdinand VII in 1829 and regent of the Kingdom between 1833 and 1840, during a part of the minority of his daughter Isabel II. -
The Treaty of Fontainebleau
The Treaty of Fontainebleau was signed on October 27, 1807 in the French city of Fontainebleau between the respective plenipotentiary representatives of Manuel Godoy, valid for the King of Spain Charles IV of Bourbon, and Napoleon I Bonaparte, Emperor of the French -
The uprising of May 2
The uprising of May 2, happened in 1808, is the name by which we know the events that occurred in that year in the Spanish city of Madrid, produced by the popular protest in the situation of political uncertainty arising after the mutiny of Aranjuez . -
The Mutiny of Aranjuez
The Mutiny of Aranjuez was an uprising that occurred between March 17 and March 18, 1808 through the streets of this town in Madrid. It was unleashed due to several causes motivated by the policy of Manuel Godoy, Carlos IV's secretary of state. The contemporaries mythologized the event, placing March 19, which symbolized the fall of the reviled Godoy, as the starting point of the "Spanish Revolution." -
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809-15 April 1865) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the sixteenth president of the United States of America from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States during The Secession War. At the same time, it preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government and modernized the economy. -
Cortes de Cádiz
Cortes de Cádiz is known as the constituent Assembly inaugurated in San Fernando on September 24, 1810 and later transferred to Cádiz in 1811 during the War of Spanish Independence -
the Spanish Constitution of 1812
the Spanish Constitution of 1812, popularly known as La Pepa, was promulgated by the Spanish Cortes Generales extraordinarily assembled in Cádiz on March 19, 1812. It has been granted great historical importance because it is the first Constitution promulgated in Spain, Besides being one of the most liberal of its time. -
Manifesto of the Persians
Manifesto of the Persians is the denomination by which a document signed on April 12, 1814, in Madrid, by 69 deputies of absolutist tendency, headed by Bernardo Mozo de Rosales, is known. -
Otto von Bismarck
Otto von Bismarck (April 1, 1815 - July 30, 1898), was a German statesman and politician, the architect of German unification and one of the key figures in international relations during the second half of the nineteenth century. He was nicknamed the "Iron Chancellor" for the determination with which he pursued his political objectives. He studied law and, from 1835, worked in the courts of Berlin. -
liberal triennium
It is known as a liberal triennium or constitutional triennium to the period of the contemporary history of Spain that takes place between 1820 and 1823 (on March 8, 1820, in Madrid, Fernando VII is forced to swear the Spanish Constitution of 1812 and to suppress the Spanish Inquisition) ; that constitutes the Spanish period of revolutions of 1820, and that is intermediate of the three periods in which the reign of Fernando VII is divided -
The One Hundred Thousand Sons of San Luis
The One Hundred Thousand Sons of San Luis (known in France as "the expedition of Spain") were a French contingent with Spanish volunteers who fought in Spain in 1823 in defense of the Old Regime, for which Ferdinand VII of Spain advocated, ending the Realist War and the Liberal Triennium. -
Isabel II of Spain
Isabel II of Spain (October 10, 1830 - April 9, 1904), was Queen of Spain between 1833 and 1868 thanks to the repeal of the Regulation of succession of 1713 ("Law Sálica") by means of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1830. -
The Pragmatic Sanction of 1830
The Pragmatic Sanction of 1830 was a Pragmatic Sanction approved by Fernando VII of Spain on March 29, 1830 that came to promulgate the Pragmatic of 1789 approved by the Cortes of that year at the request of King Carlos IV and that, for reasons of foreign policy, did not come into force. -
First Carlist War
First Carlist War
The first Carlist War was a civil war that took place in Spain between 1833 and 1840 between the Carlists, supporters of the Infante Carlos de Borbón and the Elizabethans, defenders of Isabel II and María Cristina de Borbón, whose government was originally moderate absolutist and ended becoming liberal to get popular support .. -
The riot of La Granja
The riot of La Granja de San Ildefonso was an uprising that took place in Spain in August 1836 during the reign of Maria Cristina de Borbón in which a group of sergeants and the royal guard of the palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso, forced to María Cristina de Borbón to re-enforce the 1812 Constitution and to appoint a progressive liberal government headed by José María Calatrava with Juan Álvarez Mendizábal back in the Treasury portfolio -
Abrazo de Vergara
It is called Abrazo de Vergara or Vergara Convention to an agreement that was signed in Oñate on August 31, 1839 between the Elizabethan general and thirteen representatives of the Carlist general and that ended the First Carlist War. -
The Civil War
The Civil War was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. As a result of a historical controversy over slavery and against the attempts of the US federal executive. The war broke out in April 1861, when The forces of the Confederate States of America attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina, shortly after President Abraham Lincoln took office. -
Nicolas II
Nicolas II (May 18, 1868-17 July 1918) was the last Russian czar, ruled from the death of his father, on October 20, 1894, until his abdication on March 2, 1917 (according to the Julian calendar). He was nicknamed "Nicholas the Bloodthirsty" by critics due to the Jodynka Tragedy, Bloody Sunday. As head of state, he approved the mobilization of August 1914 that marked the beginning of the First World War, the revolution and the consequent fall of the Romanov dynasty. -
The Bismarckian Systems
The Bismarckian Systems is the name with which historians call the system of international alliances that Otto von Bismarck sponsored after the Franco-Prussian War to isolate France and thus avoid its hypothetical revenge after the defeat of 1871. Its duration by almost Two decades avoided the direct conflict between the great European powers until the First World War. -
La Paz Armada
La Paz Armada (1870-1914) is the name used to describe the period from 1885 to 1914 before the First World War. It was a moment of intense arms race and military alliances between several nations that were grouped into two groups called Triple Alliance and Entente Cordiale or Triple Entente. -
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (April 22, 1870 - January 21, 1924) was a politician, philosopher, revolutionary, political theorist and Russian communist. Leader of the Bolshevik sector of the Social Democratic Labor Party of Russia, he became the main leader of the October Revolution of 1917. In 1917 he was appointed president of the Council of People's Commissaries, becoming the first and maximum leader of the Union of Socialist Republics Soviet (USSR) in 1922. -
Stalin
Stalin (December 18, 1878 - March 5, 1953) was a Soviet dictator, general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and president of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. He was among the revolutionary Bolsheviks who promoted the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 and was general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 until the office was formally abolished in 1952, shortly before his death. -
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945) was an American politician and lawyer who managed to serve as the thirty-second president of the United States from 1932 until his death in 1945 and was the only one to win four presidential elections in that nation: the first in 1932, the second in 1936, the third in 1940 and the fourth in 1944.1 He was one of the great architects of the Allied victory in World War II. -
The Berlin Conference
The Berlin Conference (1884-1885) was convened by France and the United Kingdom and organized by the Chancellor of Germany, Otto von Bismarck, in order to solve the problems involved in the colonial expansion in Africa and resolve its distribution. -
Revolution of 1905.
Revolution of 1905.
The revolutionary outbreak of 1905 served as precedent and referring to that of 1917. It was the result of the malaise that caused the economic crisis that hit Russia (crisis of subsistence, unemployment), and the discontent caused by the military defeat against Japan. -
Bloody Sunday
Bloody Sunday or Red Sunday was a massacre of peaceful protesters led by Father Gapón perpetrated by the Russian Imperial Guard. It happened in St. Petersburg on January 22, 1905, the day on which two hundred thousand workers gathered at the gates of the Winter Palace, residence of Tsar Nicholas II. -
The October Manifesto
The October Manifesto was issued in 1905 by Tsar Nicholas II of Russia under the influence of Count Sergei Witte in response to the 1905 Revolution.
The official name of the document was The Manifesto for the improvement of the order of the State. The manifesto was aimed at mitigating the existing malaise in Russia and contained guarantees for the granting of civil liberties for the population -
The First World War
The First World War was a warlike confrontation centered on Europe that began on July 28, 1914 and ended on November 11, 1918, when Germany accepted the conditions of the armistice. -
The definitive crisis
The definitive crisis: the Sarajevo attack (summer 1914) In this tense atmosphere, on June 28, 1914, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, nephew of Emperor Franz Joseph I and heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo (Bosnia ). -
war of position
Trench warfare or war of position is a form of warfare, in which the fighting armies maintain static lines of fortifications dug in the ground, called trenches. Trench warfare arose from a revolution in firearms. -
war of movements
It is known as "war of movements" to a phase of the First World War that took place in 1914, carried out by Germany, who wanted to defeat France and then focus on Russia, through a strategy of rapid movement of material and of troops. -
The April Theses
The April Theses are a series of concepts that were exposed by the Russian Bolshevik leader Lenin, in a speech delivered at the Tauride Palace on April 4, 1917, after his return the day before the then Russian capital of Petrograd from his exile in Switzerland. This thesis postulated the passage to the second phase of the revolution: the conquest of power by the proletariat and the peasantry of the soviets. -
The October Revolution
The October Revolution, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was the second phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, after the February Revolution. The date October 25, 1917 corresponds to the current Julian calendar in Czarist Russia, then abolished by the new Bolshevik government. In the rest of the western world, under the Gregorian calendar, the events began on November 7, 1917. -
The February Revolution of 1917
The February Revolution of 1917 in the Russian Empire marked the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917. It caused the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, put an end to the Russian monarchy and led to the formation of a provisional government. This revolution was born as a reaction to the policy carried out by the Tsar, his refusal to grant liberalizing political reforms and Russia's participation in the First World War. -
The Peace of Brest-Litovsk
The Peace of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918 between the German Empire, Bulgaria, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and Soviet Russia. In the treaty, Russia renounced Finland, Poland, Estonia. ..etc, which were under the rule of the Central Powers. With this treaty, Germany strengthened the western front. The German defeat in World War I annulled the treaty and Russia re-opened all the territories in 1940. -
The Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War took place between 1918 and 1922. After the success of the Russian Revolution the new Bolshevik government signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, which was ratified on March 6, 1918; by this agreement was agreed a unilateral armistice and the departure of Russia from the First World War. -
The Paris Peace Conference
The Paris Peace Conference was the meeting in 1919 of the Allies after the armistice to agree the conditions of peace with the countries of the Central Powers. The defeated countries were not allowed to attend these meetings, so those who decided the future of the defeated were the winning countries. -
the III International
the III International, was an international communist organization, founded in Moscow in March 1919, on the initiative of Lenin and the Communist Party of Russia (Bolshevik), which grouped the communist parties of different countries, its objective was to fight for the suppression of the capitalist system, the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat and the International Republic of the Soviets, the complete abolition of social classes and the realization of socialism. -
The New Economic Policy
The New Economic Policy(NEP) was an economic policy proposed by Lenin, which he called state capitalism. but it was replaced by the First Five-Year Plan of Stalin in 1928. -
The Soviet Union (USSR)
The Soviet Union (USSR) was a Marxist-Leninist republic that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991. Although formally constituted as a federation of 15 republics, its political and economic system was de facto strongly centralist, with a political party system unique dominated by the Communist Party until 1990. -
Plan Dawes
Plan Dawes is the program established on April 9, 1924, under the auspices of the United States to get the winning allies of the First World War (especially Great Britain, France, and the US) to get their repairs war established in the Treaty of Versailles, while at the same time sought to stabilize the economy of Germany and avoid further damage as a result of such payments. -
The Crack of the 29
The Crack of the 29 was the most devastating fall of the market of values in the history of the Stock market in the United States, that gave rise to the Crisis of 1929 also well-known like the Great Depression. It was divided in three phrases: Black Thursday, Black Monday and Black Tuesday. All of them are appropriate, given that the crack was not a one-day event. The initial fall occurred on Black Thursday (October 24, 1929).
