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Aug 1, 1142
Pierre Abelard
scholastic method of instruction, Aristotelian logical analysis-noted contribution was to help transform theology from the mere citing of authorities to the interpretation of Scripture. He gave his students the freedom to arrive at heretical conclusions. Saettler 19 -
Johann Amos Comenius
Laid the foundation of a systematic understanding of the teaching-learning process and anticipated the modern concept of instructional technology as an applied science. He devised a system or instruction that anticipated many of the modern principles of learning. Saettler 23 -
Pestalozzi
Influenced by Rousseau and Comenius theories, he believed a student should see, handle and make direct contact with an object. This is known as Anschauung. Students learn by inquiry and investigation and through oral discussion. Saettler 31 -
Joseph Lancaster
Developed an economical and effective centralized structure of operations. He wrote manuals on instruction, detailing classroom organization and economic management. He also explored techniques of motivation. His methods were systematic, based on memorizing and drill, a body of content, monitor training, control, grouping, testing and administration. One teacher taught 50 head pupils who in turn drilled ten pupils. In essence one teacher took charge over 500 students at one time. Saettler 2 -
Johann Herbart
Focus was to assimilate new concepts with old ones in a very systematic method. Saettler 43 -
Froebel
Focused on the doctrines of free self activity, creativeness, social participation and motor expression (learn by doing) -
Frederic Burk
Developed one of the first systems of individualized instruction that allowed learners to advance at their own pace at the San Francisco State Normal school, in 1912. Saettler 63 -
Kurt Lewin
Field theory stated that behavior depends on the interaction of the Person and the Environment within a psychological field or life space. B=f(P,E) Saettler 69 -
Edward Thorndike
Connectionism. Produced the first scientific learning theory and is the starting point for any study of modern instructional technology “The best teacher uses books and appliances as well as his own insight, sympathy and magnetism.” Saettler 52-53. -
John Dewey
believed that learning involved interaction or two way action between the learner and his environment. Saettler 53 -
John Watson
Environment (stimuli or conditioning) makes the individual, learning is a matter of what happens to the learner. Pioneer of Behaviorism. Saettler 52 -
B.F. Skinner
Influenced by Pavlov and Watson, a science of instruction must be based on operant reinforcement in which sets of learner acts are reinforced or strengthened, so as to increase the probabilit of their recurence in the future. Saettler 71 The term "program" is associated to Skinner. -
Socrates
Taught through inquiry
