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Meyer vs. Nebraska
A court ruling that allowed states to decided the instructional language of in public schools. It also protected parents rights to have out of school heritage and language programs. -
Farrington vs. Tokushige
A court ruling that allowed states to decided the instructional language of in public schools. It also protected parents rights to have out of school heritage and language programs. -
Brown vs. Board of Education
Caused a ruling that ended racial segregation in schools and provided equal education to all. This case was predominantly based on the integration of people of color. However, it opened doors for multicultural and bilingual education. -
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Title I
Title 1 is federal funding provided to ensure all students are receiving a fair and equal education. The goal is to close the gap in low socioeconomic schools by providing them with high-quality learning opportunities. -
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Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
This Act was put in place to provide aid to children in poverty. It supplies funds, policies, and procedures for low socioeconomic families. This was the beginning of Title 1. -
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Title VII Bilingual Education Act
Title VII provided grants to schools for bilingual education. This was later replaced by Title III. -
Lau vs. Nichols
Stated that children had a right to bilingual education in concordance with TItle VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, so they can learn English and gain content knowledge. -
Equal Opportunity Act (EEOA) of 1974
EEOA states that no state can deny education to individuals based on race, ethnicity, sex or national origin. EEOA created the Lau Remedies to give consequences to schools that did not meet the needs of ELs. Thsi was a step toward accountablity to ensure proper support for ELs. -
U.S. Department of Education
Began the development of education policies, federal assistance, and data collection of schools to enforce education laws and students' rights. At this time education is the sole responsibility of each state. -
Castaneda vs. Pickard
An outcome of this case was a three-part test which is used to ensure a school district has a quality ESL program. First, ESL programs must be based on quality doctrine. Second, the program must be taught effectively with appropriate resources and staff. Third, data must be collected and analyzed to determine if students are making English language and content growth through the program. -
Plyler vs. Doe
Caused a ruling stating that individuals cannot be denied a public education based on immigration status in concordance with the on the 14th Amendment of the Constitution. It was determind that children, regardless of being undocumented, deserved safety and education. -
Title VII (re-authorization)
After several re-authorizations programs, goals, and definitions of targets were made more clear. -
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English for the Children Initiatives
Bilingual education programs became very restricted after the approval of the English for the Children Initiatives. CA Proposition 227 in 1998, Proposition 203 and Flores vs. Arizona in 2000, and MA Question 2 in 2002 were all integral parts of history that negatively influenced bilingual education in the U.S. -
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No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
NCLB was a reauthorization of ESEA. This reauthorization had many great negative impacts on ELs and low-income schools. It replaced Title VII with Title III, which removed bilingual aspects and catered an English only approach. It also change Title III to have unrealistic expectations for all students, causing negative outcomes for non-English speaking students and strict consequences for low-income schools. -
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Title III: Language Instruction for LEP and Immigrant Students
Title III replaced Title VII. This change removed the term bilingual and adopted an English only approach defining ELs as limited or proficient. Its requirements are that ELs gain proficiency in English and learn state standard content. -
World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment (WIDA)
WIDA was developed to establish common English language proficency standards and assessments. WIDA was used to comply with Title III of NCLB. -
Race to the Top (RTTT)
RTTT was a program that was part of ARRA. RTTT provided funding to schools as long as they agreed to provide high-quality standards, assessment, teachers, principals, and show data of improvement. Again, issues surrounding ELs were not properly addressed and teachers/schools of high EL population were still held to unrealistic standardized testing. -
Common Core State Standards Initiative (CCSS)
CCSS defined knowledge and skills that all students should be taught. Though these standards do not specify how they should be taught, this was the closest the U.S. came to creating a nationwide curriculum. CCSS became a concern since it was thought to increase testing, which has proven detrimental to the EL community. -
ESEA Flexibility
ESEA Flexibility was developed in the wakes of the realization that all students would not make 100% proficiency on standardized tests. With only 3 years left to meet this unrealistic goal, ESEA Flexibility offered schools flexibility from the pending consequences of Title I as long as they accepted one its 3 new key principles. -
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Every Student Succeeds Act ESSA
ESSA puts the power back into the hands of states and schools. States and schools can have more flexibility with how they chose to evaluate student and teacher performance, as well as how they will improve schools. Some see it as a reauthorization of ESEA.
