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CALL (Computer-Assisted Language Learning)
The use of computers in language instruction has increased with the advent of multimedia computing and the Internet. With these developments, the system called CALL started in ELT. CALL is beneficial, in terms of providing real-time data to learners, giving an opportunity to them to be more interactive in the learning process. According to Warschauer (2000), the development of the CALL system can be divided into three eras (as cited in Yang, 2010). -
Structural/ Behaviorist CALL
The use of behaviorist concepts in education led to the development of structural CALL. Rahimi and Pourshahbaz said structural CALL bases language teaching on the stimulus/response theory (2018). It emphasizes the importance of constant repetition of the same content for learning.
One of the earliest computers that became popular in the education field, PLATO, was the most well-known instructional system of this era. -
Communicative CALL
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, behavioral methods for language instruction were rejected at educational levels, and personal computers were developed. These revolutions in language teaching led to the development of communicative CALL. In this era, the computer serves as a tutor for instruction, as well as a source of practice exercises. But it also encourages students to engage in debates, writing, and critical thinking using video games (Rahimi & Pourshahbaz, 2018). -
Integrative CALL
Integrative CALL refers to an approach that aims to incorporate both technology and four main skills into the process of learning a language. It developed as a result of the Internet and multimedia. It uses a variety of media to create a realistic learning environment. Four main skills can easily be integrated through multimedia. In this type of CALL, learners can use virtual libraries, and discussion forums, also they can join online conferences. -
Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL)
“MALL differs from CALL in its use of personal, portable devices that enable new ways of learning, emphasizing continuity or spontaneity of access across different contexts of use” (Kukulska-Hulme & Shields, 2008, p. 273). Because of its convenient use, mobile learning is useful for all learners. For instance, it helps distant language learners because the distance is not a barrier to learning. -
Robot-Assisted Language Learning (RALL)
RALL is the use of robots to instruct people in language understanding or expression. With the qualities shared by many robots, such as flexibility, sensing, repeatability, intelligence, mobility, and human appearance, the RALL system can work with learners to enhance their speaking and listening abilities (Aidinlouet al., 2014). -
References
Aidinlou, N.A., Alemi, M., Farjami, F., & Makhdoumi, M. (2014). Applications of Robot-Assisted Language Learning (RALL) in Language Learning and Teaching. International Journal of Language and Linguistics, 2, 12.
John, C. (2018) The impacts of technology integration. Retrieved from https://pressbooks.pub/techandcurriculum/chapter/technology-assisted-language-learning/ -
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Kukulska-Hulme, A., & Shield, L. (2008). An overview of mobile assisted language learning: From content delivery to supported collaboration and interaction. ReCALL, 20(3), 271-289. doi:10.1017/S0958344008000335
Yang, Y. (2010) Computer-assisted foreign language teaching:
Theory and practice. Journal of Language Teaching and
Research, 1(6), 909-912 10.4304/jltr.1.6.909-912
Rahimi, M. & Pourshahbaz, S. (2018) English as a foreign language teacher' TPACK: Emerging research and opportunities. -
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