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Johann Pestalozzi
Johann Pestalozzi used experimentation and learning theory to create a system of instruction. His method incorporates first breaking down learning to the smallest object and building up. Image By Francisco Javier Ramos - [2], [Public Domain], (https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51325327) -
Joseph Lancaster
He created a way of organizing the classroom so that school officials could scale teaching to a more significant number. This method paved the way for more students to be educated. Image by: The painting of Joseph Lancaster was made by John Hazlitt. It is in the public domain. -
Johann Friedrich Herbert
John Herbert was the first to build his ideas of instruction around the psychology of learning. He believed that learner wasn't born with knowledge but had to build the knowledge as they grew. The learner needed built knowledge by connecting new to old knowledge. Image by Angelica Kauffmann, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons -
Friedrich Wilhelm Froebel
Froebel originated the idea and practice of kindergarten. He believed in learning by doing rather than through words alone. One of his practice, circle time, still lives on in most kindergartens today. Image by Tolmacho from Pixabay -
*Projection Apparatus*
Jules Duoscq, a Frenchman, developed the projection apparatus. It can display an image of a surface on a wall. An instructor could use this apparatus to show students the effect of magnetism on iron fillings, for example. The image is creative commons 0. -
Film
The film was also used for instruction. First, a catalog was created to showcase the number of films available. Image by: Sammlung der Medien und Wissenschaft, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons -
Origins of instructional design
As a necessity to win the war, psychologists were employed to determine which individuals would be the most successful in various roles. Image By: Photographer: Dmitri Kessel, Life Magazine
Caption source: home.att.net/~historyzone/Fisher.html -
Overhead Projector
The overhead was invented in WW 2 and used by the military. Image by: mailer_diablo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons -
Educational Channels
In 1952, the FCC allocated 252 tv channels for education programming. The Ford foundation also spends vast amounts of money to support funding for multiple projects. One project was to transmit courses from an airplane to six states! These trends, however, were short-lived. The image is under the public domain. -
Bloom's Taxonomy
In 1952, Benjamin Bloom published his book "Taxonomy of Educational Objectives." He stated that there was a need for these objectives and a hierarchy. Image By: Xristina la, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons -
*Transparencies*
A company now known as 3M produces transparencies that an instructor can use to teach sciences, including biological systems. Image by: University of Liverpool Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, William Harvey, De Motu Cordis - veins of the arm -
Michael Scriven
Michael Scriven (1967) stated that instructional materials must be tested out with students and revised before being accepted, after the material generated after Sputnik was not as effective as needed.
Image by: LiAnna (Wiki Ed), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons -
Instructional design process expands
Instructional design ideas are adopted in the US and many other countries. The US adopts instructional design in higher education, business, and the military. Image by: R-41 at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons -
*Handheld calculator*
My father talks about saving money in college so that he could buy a very expensive but needed calculator for his college math classes.
Image by: Joe Haupt from USA, CC BY-SA 2.0 , via Wikimedia Commons -
Computers
Computers are starting to be used for instructional purposes. One report in 1983 claims that more than 75% of US high schools were using computers for instruction. Image By: Leif K-Brooks from Brattleboro, Vermont, United States of America, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons -
Teaching of Computer Literacy in Japan
Computer Literacy courses were added to the Japanese grades 7-8. Image by StartupStockPhotos from Pixabay -
Constructivism Ideas Grow
During the 1990s, the ideas behind constructivism expand. Instructors are encouraged learners to work collaboratively, improve problem-solving skills, learn about themselves as a learner, and construct their knowledge. Image by Moondance from Pixabay -
Internet became public domain
In 1993, the internet was declared a part of the public domain, and access to the internet increased for K-12 and higher education. The internet and the computer started to create environments in which students could not only interact with content but also with other students and the instructor. Image By: Elisa.Garcia.1994, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons -
Growth of distance learning
With access to the internet growing, distance learning took off, and with it, the need for instructional designers to support distance learning efforts. Image by Anil Sharma from Pixabay -
*Peer Instruction*
Eric Mazur created a system for his Harvard Physics classes that had students read before class and answer questions using handheld remotes about commonly misunderstood concepts. Image by: Giulia Forsythe -
*Understanding by Design*
Wiggins and McTighe published their book, Understanding by Design. They stipulated a three-step process in which the instructor first decides what the students should learn, then how they will determine if they have learned it, and then plan the learning experiences. Image by Pexels from Pixabay -
*Creating significant learning experiences*
Dee Fink's first edition of Creating Significant Learning experiences is published. He defines what significant learning means for higher education and stipulates a 12-step course design method to achieve that. Image by Jan Kosmowski from Pixabay -
*Universal Design for Learning*
Anne Meyer, David Rose, and David Gordon published Universal Design for Learning: Theory and Practice in 2014. The book provides guidelines for instruction based on cognitive sciences in three areas: engagement, representation, and action & expression. Image by: Giulia Forsythe -
*Benefits of Active Learning*
Freeman et al. (2014) report that even a small amount of active learning in each class improves STEM scores. Image by Queen's University, Active Learning Space 333
The Active Learning Space - room 333 - in Ellis Hall. Psych 397 with Cella Olmstead -
*More impact of active learning*
Theobald et al. (2020) published findings that active learning helps improve passing rates and exam scores for students underrepresented in STEM. Image by Queen's University, Ellis Hall Active Learning Classroom, The Ellis Hall active learning classrooms are flexible spaces that encourage collaborative learning and innovation in teaching.
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