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Period: Oct 16, 1450 to
Economy and Development of Quebec
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Oct 27, 1492
Christopher Columbus
Financed by Spain
Arrived in North America in 1492 -
Oct 27, 1497
John Cabot
Reached Newfoundland in 1497
Financed by the English -
Oct 16, 1500
Barter Trade
Around 1500 , the different nomadic and sedentary Aboriginal groups used the barter system. The bater system is trading goods without money. They only traded for what they needed. Trades weren’t done for profit.They were transported over great distances and took traditional routes. Some different things they traded were amber , shell , obsidian silica ,etc. Obsidian was probably one of the most precious because it can make sharp tools. The transportation of trade was by walk,snowshoe and canoe. -
Oct 16, 1500
Economic Role of Individuals
Men : Hunted and got materials
Woman : Took care of home and children -
Oct 16, 1500
The Significance of Trade
Around 1500 , there was a high rate of trade between different native groups. Natives were not looking to make profit , trade was essential to building and maintaining relationships between nations. Trade was a way to pay war tributes , formalize meetings between chiefs and help peace negotiations -
Oct 27, 1505
The Fisheries
2 techniques to preserve the cod :
Green : Preserving the fish with salt
Dried : To dry the cod , the fishers built wooden structures on the shore and arranged fish on them. Sun and wind dried the fish which meant they could be stored for months This is the first contact between the Europeans and Natives. For preserving the fish , they needed to go on shore and that's where they contacted some Native groups -
Oct 27, 1510
European Exploration
Europeans are looking to find precious metals and trade with Asia without having to rely on the middle eastern trading centres.
They couldn’t go towards the East because there were trade blockades going up so they started going West by sea. -
Oct 27, 1515
Items Exchanged
Once contact was made , both nations realised that they have things to offer to trade. Objects made in Europe ( metal tools , beads , mirrors , textiles , etc) were introduced to Aboriginals Natives found their objects useful and continued trading them. In return , European fishers received furs which was easy for them to sell in the market and was a second source of profit (after fish) -
Oct 27, 1520
Iroquoian Division of Labour
Women : Agriculture
Planting and Harvesting
Gathering food
Fishing and Hunting
Cooking
Crafs
Care and education of kids Men :Clearing the land
Construction (long houses and palisades)
Seasonal hunting and fishing
Crafts
War and diplomatic relations -
Oct 27, 1520
Inuit Division of Labour
Women : Gathering food
Fishing and hunting and small game (birds)
Cooking
Housekeeping
Sewing
Care and education of kids
Men :Hunting and fishing
Construction
Making weapons -
Oct 27, 1520
North America’s role in the European economic system
In the late 16th century , the French realized that the beaver pelts that fishers exchanged with the Aboriginals had a higher value in Europe.The fur trade was now seen by French merchants as a new way to get rich. The French state therefore allowed merchants and ship - owners to invest large sums of money in building a network of fur trading posts in the colony (New France) Lively competition arose and merchants demanded that the state granted them a monopoly -
Oct 27, 1520
Algonquian division of labour
Gender : Women Activities
Gathering food
Fishing and hunting (rabbits or foxes)
Cooking
Housekeeping
Crafs
Care and education of kids Gender : Men
Activities :
Hunting and fishing
Cutting down trees
Construction and woodworking ( new tipis)
Trade
War -
Oct 27, 1530
Slash and Burn agriculture
Slash the vegetation around and then burn in order to prepare the land for cultivation .By burning the vegetation , nutrients needed for farming would be in the ground .When the land was not usable the Iroquoians abandoned the area -
Oct 27, 1530
Trading Post Colony
Colonization of North America : Mercantilism and the need for resources led France to colonize North America .After a few years of competition between merchants , the king decided to bring order to their activities. He granted commercial monopolies to individuals , who in turn had to protect France’s rights to the territories -
Oct 17, 1550
Means of Transportation during Trade
The means of transportation during trade involved :
1. Walking
2. Snowshoe
3. Canoe -
Oct 27, 1550
Mercantilism
Mercantilism : based on accumulation of wealth (gold and silver)
The way to get richer is by the mother country (France) that had resources that they could export.
These resources would be then changed into products which the mother country could sell to the colonists for profit. -
Company of 100 Associates
The Company was an association of 100 shareholders that invested start up capital. Each shareholder got a share of the profits from the fur tradeIn exchange , the Company was required to populate and manage the territory. In1627,France and England went to war.The English sunk the first ships to New France carrying almost 400 colonists and provisions.The Company suffered financial losses and was unable to settle the territory and had to return the profits to the colony -
Decimation of Hurons
Divided and weakened by illness , the Huron were decimated through war with the Iroquois between 1648 and 1650. -
Hudson Bay Company
In 1659 , two coureur de bois decided to go to the area to trade with a group of Aboriginals. Two explorers returned with detailed information about the territory and brought back high quality furs, but were unable to convince the French authorities to finance a commercial expedition to Hudson Bay.They therefore decided to offer their services to the English crown , which funded a maritime expedition to the Hudson Bay in 1668 , thus creating the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) in 1670 -
King Louis XIV
He began his reign in 1661. In 1663, he takes the monopoly away from the Company of 100 associates (can’t participate in fur trade)
To gain control of economic activites in New France ,and assert territorial claims in North America, Louis XIV set up crown corporations , companies that were accountable to him , like the Dutch West India Company (they took over trade in New France and elsewhere) .This system ended in 1674 -
Population Update
After the establishment of the Royal Government in 1663 , the population went from 3400 to 74 000 , thanks to the arrival of the Filles du Roi , soldiers and engages in the colony -
Alliances and Rivalries
Aboriginal peoples were indispensable partners to the French and Champlain hurried to establish alliances with the Algonquians , Montagnais and Huron. Aboriginals distributed French goods through their trade networks and brought furs to the trading posts being build by the French .However , the French had rivals in North America. Since the early 17th Century, the English had supplied arms and goods to the Iroquois Confederacy , whose aim was to destroy the Huron who were French allies. -
Peace Treaty
The French and Iroquois entered into a peace treaty that spanned from 1667 - 1680. During this peace the coureurs de bois , French merchants , began to explore the Great Lakes region in search of less expensive furs -
Diversified Economic Activities
Agriculture was the economic activity in which the largest number of people were involved. The land was organized according to the seigneurial system. Most of the land granted was located along the St. Lawrence River , where the majority of the colonists settled. This location gave them access to the river , which was the main communication route. -
Treaty of Paris
British took possession of the former French colonies in North America -
Competition Between 2 trading companies
In 1774 , the British Parliament adopted the Quebec Act , expanding the territory to include the region around the Great Lakes. As the trading territory expanded , competition for the furs grew. In 1779 , a few Montreal merchants established the Northwest Company (NWC) as a way to participate in the competitive trade. The company consisted of English , Scottish and Canadien merchants whose main goal was to compete with the Hudson’s Bay Company -
Economy based on Fur
Fur trade fall into possession of British.Creation of the North West Company (1783) after the American Revolution.Decline of fur trade beginning of the 19th century .War was going on and Britain was more focused on timber .It was the Canadiens who did the fieldwork -
Changes in Agriculture
After the passing of the Corn Laws in the early 19th century , tariffs encourage the growing and export of wheat. The farm system was pushed to diversify. -
Economics Policies
At first , there were was protectionism policy which is tariffs to protect local markets. In 1846 , Britain ends this and adopts Free Trade Policies which means no customs or duties with anyone. In 1854 , the Reciprocity treat was put (lasts 10 years) which meant no customs or duties for 10 years. -
Great Britain's Mercantilist Policies
The colonies primarily served as a source for the supply of raw materials and goods.Until the mid 19th century , Great Britain maintained a policy of protectionism that favoured the purchasing of resources from within the empire -
The main types of early manufacturing
Food processing : flour milling , sugar refining , butter , cheese.
Leather : boots and shoes
Textiles : clothing
Tobacco : cigars
Transportation : engines
Wood : windows and door -
British Regime
1760 - 1867
Treaty of Paris 1673 : British took possession of the former French colonies in North America -
4 Economic Factors Related to Confederation
In 1867 , the British colonies in North America joined together to form a confederation. Four economic factors would lead the colonies to unite to form the Dominion of Canada.
1. Trade relations.
2. Transportation network.
3. Colonies to consolidate.
4. The united states cancelled the reciprocity treaty. This treaty allowed United Canada to trade raw materials without having to pay customs duties. -
First Phase of Industrialization
Emergence of Capitalism :
Skilled craftsmen : too costly , too long. They took in non educated workers so they can work for cheaper. Both people moving to the cities from the rural areas and immigrants arriving from Europe provided plenty of cheap labour. The St. Lawrence river , the canals , and the new railways formed a good transportation system. Raw materials such as wood , leather and farm products were plentiful.
The first manufacturing industries were powered by coal/steam engines. -
Urban Expansion
Development of cities :concentration of services (transportation , hospitals , education) and infrastructure (aqueducts , sewers)
Creation of Suburbs
Rural exodus -
Exploitation of Resources
Exploitation based on each “period” of industrialisation development
(agriculture , forestry , mining , hydro electricity)
New natural resources : (ore , pulp , paper)
Source of capital shifts from Britain to American in different economic sectors. Birth to crown corporations -
Sectors of Industry
Primary sector : involves the extraction of resources
Secondary sector : involves the processing / refinement of resources
Tertiary sector : retail of a product or services -
A Protectionist Tariff Policy
During this period , the Canadian market was flooded by goods from the United States. Many Canadian manufacturers were unable to compete with the American market. They put pressure on the government to impose customs duties on foreign goods. -
Urbanization
Working class neighbourhoods were created close to factories and living conditions were often hard there. Most working class dwellings were made of wood and did not have running water , electricity or toilets . These poor working conditions were endured by unskilled workers.Timber trade overpopulation of farms opens new area like Saguenay , Mauricie , Outaouais and Laurentides. -
Three Conditions for Industrialization
- Wheat
- Foreign investment
- First Word War
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National Policy (John A Macdonald)
3 main points :
1. Increase customs/duties
Protect / promote Canadian industries by ensuring canadians bought canadian goods (avoid Amerindian insects)
2. Build Railways
CPR (Canadian Pacific Railway) was to run coast to coast , making trade easier
3. Immigration to Western Canada
Bigger population = bigger marke -
Economy Based on Timber
Napoleon (French) sets up a naval (ships, water ) blockade in 1806 preventing Britain’s access to timber.That increases increases demand.Napoleon imposed a continental embargo (not allowed to trade with a nation) The timber trade had an important effect on the development of territory as it led to colonization of new regions , like the Saguenay. They were crossed by important waterways , which were essential for timber transportation and for fueling -
Population Changes
The emergence of new industries causes the phenomenon of urbanization
Movement to urban centres - new demand for unskilled labour
Better jobs in the US and Western Canada
Early Union and strikes were looked down on… rarely happened -
Railway
When Macdonald came in power in 1878 , he made it a priority to complete the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) line. The Canadian government paid many subsidies to the companies in charge of developing the railway. In spite of obstacles that slowed down in construction (labor shortage , uneven terrain, disputes with First Nations Peoples) the CPR was completed in 1885 and became essential for the colonization of the territory in the West. -
Manufactures Act
Included clauses which provided for the protection of the health and security for workers of 12 years old boys and 13 for girls. It also forced employers to limit work hours to 72.5 hours per week for men and 60 hours for women. Workers were often powerless. Led to the creation of labor organizations .In 1921 , in order to counter the influence of foreign unions , the Catholic Church decided to support the establishment of the Confederation of National Trade Unions -
Shipbuilding and Ironworks
To diversify the colony’s economy ,the French state encouraged and subsidized two industrial sectors during the 18th Century : shipbuilding and ironworks.A royal navy shipyard was established in Quebec City. The naval industry led to the creation of other industries related to boats.The availability of iron ore in the Trois Rivieres region was the basis for the establishment of the Saint Maurice ironworks and lead to related industries,such as wood stoves,cooking pots and ploughing equipment -
Exploitation of Resources
Hydro electricity becomes the new source of energy.Increasing American demand from newsprint during this period lead to the growth of the pulp and paper industry. Mining : established factories in Quebec. Zinc , copper , nickel , gold , asbestos and cobalt were among the metals most commonly mined . Aluminum smelters required enormous amounts of electricity so factories established near waterways : Mining regions , Abitibi Region ,Cote Nord. Gaspesie -
Second Phase of Industrialization
Canadian Industries , experiences growth as a result of the protectionist tariff policy started with the National Policy. This second phase of industrialization , which lasted from about 1900 to 1920 was primarily characterized by the quick expansion of industrial sectors which had developed due to new energy sources : hydroelectricity and oil -
Economic Cycles
Phases of growth :
1st / 2nd phase of industrialization development
1st World War
Roaring twenties (1920’s)
2nd World War and post - war
Quiet Revolution
Positives of globalization -
Electricity
Electricity came to the cities
Limited to people who have money who could by:
Lamps
Ovens
Vacuums
Refrigerators
Other products of the 1920’s
People don’t need to live in factories anymore -
The Great Depression of 1930’s
1929 : Stock market crashes
Europeans pumped money into the world economy , which led to an increase in industrial production and consumer purchasing power
Surplus accumulated in warehouses
Laid off workers which lowered the value of companies on the stock market.
Created an insecurity
The root of the crash was production problem
Time of recession -
State Interventions
The federal government decided to respond to the economic crisis of 1929 by implementing a protectionist policy
The government hoped to encourage the growth of the domestic market by blocking international competition. This measure however worsened the situation -
The Impact of the Second World War
National Resources Mobilization Act in 1940
It regulated the supply of certain products necessary for war production and it raised taxes
Victory loan Bonds
By contributing to this program , consumers could earn profits on their savings while lending money to the government which it invested in the war effort
In Quebec , this rapid expansion was seen especially in textiles , food processing and iron and steel as well as the extraction and processing of natural resources -
Development of Union
First ones : CTCC (1921)
To larger one now :
CSN (1960 formerly CTCC)
FTQ (1957)
CSQ (1946)
Demanded better working living conditions
Use of strikes and lockouts -
Development of the Dairy Industry
Dairy production was the agricultural sector that experienced the greatest progress after 1880.In addition to milk , farmers produced butter , cheese and cream. In 1890 , more than 80% of cheese production was intended for export , whereas butter was mainly sold in the local market. To support the growth in the dairy industry , the government encouraged the establishment of the specialized schools in the areas like Saint - Denis -
Free Trade
1989 : The Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement (CUSFTA) came into effect, eliminating almost all customs duties between Canada and the United States for 10 years. The treaty was renegotiated prior to its expiry in order to include Mexico , which agreed to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994 -
Fish is Big!
Majority of Europeans were Catholics observed fasting periods prescribed by the church. Days of abstinence (don’t eat something they were not allowed to eat meat) , but could have fish. Fish became a popular protein because of abstinence.Since European demand for fish was very high at the time , fishers quickly took control of these waters.They were fishing primarily for cod and whale. Every summer these men would set up temporary camps on the shores and bring them back to Europe. -
Industrial development
1867 - 1900: 1st phase of industrial development
1900 - 1930: 2nd phase of industrial development
1939 - 1945: War period
1945 - 1970: Post-War
1970 on: Modern times
