-
Yale Report on the Defense of the Classics
Emphasis on classical education and faculty psychology.
Reflection of the Mental disciplinarians view of education. -
Removal Act
The 1830 Indian Removal Act exiled Eastern tribes to the west side of the Mississippi River. Further displacing Native peoples from the Midwest. This is also known as the Treaty Period 1789 – 1871. -
Mcguffy Readers Published
The Mcguffy Reads and Blueback spellers were the first textbooks that lead to a profound standardization in American curriculum. Most teachers of the time were ill equipped and these text offered a standard that fostered an early national curriculum. -
Period: to
William Harvey Wells: Established a distinct course of study for each subject at each grade level
Wells was the superintendent of schools in Chicago during the mid 1850's. He divided the students into grades and designed specific content for each grade level. -
NEA (National Education Association) Founded
State education associations existed in 15 of the 31 states in the Union, but there was no national organization to serve as a single clear voice for America’s teachers. Until one day in 1857, when 10 state associations sent out “The Call,” an invitation to the nation’s educators to unite. http://www.nea.org/archive/11608.htm -
Herbert Spencer Publishes "What Knowledge is of Most Worth"
Contrary to classical curriculum movement, Spencer emphasizes that "the only purpose of education was to prepare for complete living" and that children "should be told as little as possible and induced to discover as much as possible." Spencer, H., & In Kazamias, A. M. (1966). Herbert Spencer on education. New York: Teachers College Press, Teachers College, Columbia University. -
Abraham Lincoln Elected President
-
Period: to
American Civil War
The American Civil War sets the southern states back years in their development of a public education system. The conflict eventually furthers the gap of African Americans and whites in the south regarding education and the foundations of institutional racism. -
Period: to
Reconstruction period
Reconstruction ended the remnants of Confederate nationalism and of slavery, making the Freedmen citizens with civil rights apparently guaranteed by three new Constitutional amendments but, the period would end in turmoil. Jim Crow laws would soon rise from its ashes and African Americans would have to fight on.
Achievements of Reconstruction were the South’s first state-funded public school systems, more equitable taxation legislation, laws against racial discrimination in public transport. -
Period: to
Immigration and Exponential Population Growth in the US
Between 1865 and 1915 nearly 25 million immigrates travel to America from around the world.
Leading to urban expansion and sustained labor force for industry. -
Period: to
Progressive Movement in Education
Individuals such as John Dewey, Kilpatrick, Childs, John Mayer Rice, Lester Frank Ward launch The progressive movement.
The concept of the school as community gains prominence. Laboratory schools (and other reforms such as the Denver curriculum revision project) emerge; the project method is introduced and child-centered schools are implemented. -
Period: to
G. STANLEY HALL: Publications and Contributions to Early Curriculum
Hall's achievements: Founding The American Journal of Psychology and the American Psychological Association.
Major publications: Adolescence (1902) Aspects of Child Life and Education (1924).
Hall suggested a theme that the curriculum should come from the child and be based on his or her interests and needs.
Hall related child educational readiness to psychological and physiological stages of development. Meiss, C.Retrieved from https://www3.nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/hall.html -
Dynamic Sociology: Lester Frank Ward
Dynamic Sociology: The concept that social inequality was fundamentally a product of a unequal distributional of social inheritance.
Ward believed in a fairly distributed system of education.
Wards work foreshadows that of John Dewey. -
Michigan Plan
Developed by the University of Michigan: A college admission plan based on admitting students who had competed a high school program approved by the University of Michigan faculty. -
The Committee of Ten
Charles W. Eliott and William Harris: The Committee of Ten (formed by the National Education Association). Expanded the subjects to be taught beyond the classics of traditional education. Their Key recommendations were: outline important curricular knowledge within each major instructional specialty including latin, greek, english, modern languages, mathematics, and the sciences. The need for more highly qualified educators and 12 year compulsory education.
Formation of modern school structure. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Separate but Equal. -
Edward Thorndike: Origins of Behaviorism
Edward Thorndike Educational Psychology published Advocated an experimental science approach to educational methods, which discredited the mental discipline approach; he emphasized stimulus response behavioral psychology- which was the origins of behaviorism; provided psychological rationale for the upcoming social-efficiency movement.
Bloom & Bloom, (2010) -
Period: to
WWI: World In Chaos
International conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war was virtually unprecedented in the slaughter, carnage, and destruction it caused. -
Frank Bobbit: "The Curriculum"
Focused on ways to make schools more efficient. Born from the Social Efficiency Movement. Bobbit argued that school reform should be based on organization and measurement and the purpose of school was to prepare children for the adult world. Very similar to the Taylor model of industrial efficacy. First form of Tracking students, similar to Vocalization. -
Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education
National Education Association appoints the Commission of the Reorganization of Secondary Education to secondary education to define principles applying to all pupils of approximately 12 to 18 years old.
The commission identified seven main objectives of education:
Health
Command of fundamental processes
Worthy home membership
Vocation
Citizenship
Worthy use of leisure
Ethical character -
John Dewey
Describes learning as social and culturally embedded, decades before social constructivism is coined. -
Period: to
Split in progressive movement
Kilpatrick, Hopkins and Counts, Dewey, Rugg began to divide on issues of curriculum and specific methods of education during latter half the progressive movement of education. Division between child-centered emphasis vs. social reconstructivists. -
Period: to
WW2: World In Chaos
A conflict that involved virtually every part of the world during the years 1939–45. The principal belligerents were the Axis powers Germany, Italy, and Japan and the Allies France, Great Britain, the U.S and the Soviet Union. The war was in many respects a continuation, after an uneasy 20-year hiatus, of the disputes left unsettled by World War I. The 40,000,000–50,000,000 deaths incurred in World War II make it the bloodiest conflict, as well as the largest war, in history. -
Brown v. Board of Education
The Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools violated the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, which prohibits the states from denying equal protection of the laws to any person within their jurisdictions. It declared that separate educational facilities for white and African American students were inherently unequal. It thus rejected as inapplicable to public education the “separate but equal” doctrine, advanced by the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) -
Period: to
Golden Age of Science / The Sputnik Era: The Sputnik Launch and a Reactionary America
An increase in the focus of science education was started by the Sputnik launch in Russia
During this period of time, many national science programs were started in an attempt to encourage science education in the United States including the Biological Science Curriculum Study, Earth Sciences Curriculum Project, Introductory Physical Science, Chemical Education Materials Study, Intermediate Science Curriculum Study, and Physical Science Study Committee. -
The National Defense Education Act: One of the most successful legislative initiatives in higher education.
Freed funds for low-cost student loans, boosting public and private universities. Aimed at education in science, mathematics, and foreign languages, the act also helped expand college libraries and services for students. The funding increased over the next several years. The results were conspicuous: in 1960 there were 3.6 million students in college, and by 1970 there were 7.5 million. Many of them got their college education only because of the availability of NDEA loans. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson as part of the “War on Poverty.” ESEA not only called for equal access to education for all students, but also federal funding for both primary and secondary education for students disadvantaged by poverty. -
Title IX
Title IX is a comprehensive federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity. The principal objective of Title IX is to avoid the use of federal money to support sex discrimination in education programs and to provide individual citizens effective protection against those practices.
Alters the path of gender discrimination in America. -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
November 29, 1975: President Gerald Ford signed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, otherwise known as Public Law 94-142. This law required all states that accepted money from the federal government were required to provide equal access to education for children with disabilities, in addition to providing them with one free meal per day. States had the responsibility to ensure compliance under the law within all of their public school systems. -
Nation At Risk
The National Commission on Excellence in Education formed by then-U.S. Secretary of Education Terrel H. Bell released the report A Nation at Risk. The most famous line of the widely publicized report declared that "the educational foundations of our society are presently being eroded by a rising tide of mediocrity that threatens our very future as a Nation and a people" (U.S. Department of Education, 1983).
The document uses aggressive language to use the American School system as a scapegoat. -
The No Child Left Behind Act
It dramatically increases the role of the federal government in guaranteeing the quality of public education for all children in the United States. It emphasized increased funding for poor school districts, higher achievement for poor and minority students, new measures to hold schools accountable for their students' progress and dramatically expands the role of standardized testing in public education, requiring that students in grades 3 - 8 be tested every year in reading and math. -
Common Core Standards
The Common Core is a set of high-quality academic standards in mathematics and English language arts/literacy. These learning goals outline what a student should know and be able to do at the end of each grade. The standards were created to ensure that all students graduate from high school with the skills and knowledge necessary to succeed in college, career, and life, regardless of where they live