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The Reform Bill of 1832
This bill was written by Charles Gray, 2nd Earl Gray. This was a law passed in order to loosen up property requirements so that middle-class men could have the right to vote. The Reform Bill modernized the districts for electing members of Parliament and gave the thrilling new industrial cities more representation. -
The Victorian Age Begins
Victoria became queen at the age of 18 and reigned for nearly 64 years. Victoria was popular with her subjects, and she performed her duties capably. However, she was forced to accept a less powerful role for the monarchy. -
Chartist Movement
Chartism was a working-class movement, which emerged in 1836 and was most active between 1838 and 1848. The aim of the Chartists was to gain political rights and influence for the working classes. Chartism got its name from the People's Charter, which called for suffrage for all men and annual Parliamentary elections. -
National Assembly agreed on a new government
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Male Suffrage
Several industrial countries had universal male suffrage. No country, however, allowed women to vote. As more men gained suffrage, more women demanded the same. -
Dreyfus Affair Begins
The Dreyfus Affair was a political scandal that divided the Third French Republic and became a battleground for these opposing forces. Captain Alfred Dreyfus, one of the few Jewish officers in the French Army, was accused of selling military secrets to Germany. He was found guilty and was sentenced to life in prison. -
Zionism
The Dreyfus case showed the strength of anti-Semitism in France and other parts of Western Europe. The movement developed to pursue the Jews' goal to work to re-establish their ancient homeland. This movement was lead by Theodor Herzl and many years later the State of Isreal was established. -
The Victorian Age Ends
By the end of Victoria's reign, the British Empire extended over about one-fifth of the earth's surface and almost a quarter of the world's population at least theoretically owed allegiance to the 'queen empress'. -
The Women's Social and Political Union
The WSPU became the most militant organization for women's rights. Its goal was to draw attention to the cause of women's suffrage and to gain equal voting rights for women. A lot of women were arrested many times for protesting including the founder of the organization, Emmeline Pankhurst, and even her own daughters as well. The organization led the women's suffrage movement to success. -
The Dreyfus Affair Ends
Later, new evidence resurfaced that can prove his innocence, but many army leaders, nationalists, leaders in the clergy, and anti-Jewish groups refused to reopen the case. A writer named, Émile Zola published an open letter titled "J'accuse!" in a popular French newspaper denouncing the army for covering up the scandal. His letter gave strength to Dreyfus's case and eventually, the French government declared his innocence.
