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Transforming the West
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Union Pacific
Railroads were one of the most important phenomena of the industrial revolution. They revolutionized the way travel, social, and political change in the was presented to the country for 50 years. The Union Pacific railroads built the West in regards to transportation across the western united states. Though the union pacific had more trouble because of the rocky and sierra Nevada mountains the Union and central pacific both met in promontory point, Utah in may of 1869. -
Homestead Act
The Homestead Act opened up settlement in the western United States, allowing any American, including freed slaves, to put in a claim for up to 160 free acres of federal land. By the end of the Civil War, 15,000 homestead claims had been established, and more followed in the postwar year. Eventually, 1.6 million individual claims would be approved. It was open to anyone who was able to including landless farmers, single women and former slaves. It created a booming population for the West. -
Vertical Integration
Vertical integration was created by Andrew Carnegie but first implemented by Gustavus Swift. Vertical integration is a process when a company controls more than one stage of the supply process. Its the process businesses use to turn raw materials into a product then distributing it with the consumer. Some disadvantages to vertical integration is the expense, reduced flexibility and loss of focus. Advantages are lots of market power, less likely to face disruption and economies of scale. -
Bessemer Process
One of most technological advancements made by the U.S. in the industrial revolution was the Bessemer Process. The Bessemer Process was made by Englishman Henry Bessemer to create steel from iron at a cheap and efficient cost. The Bessemer Process was extremely important because it was prominent in making stronger railroads, stronger metal machines and innovative architectural structures, such as skyscrapers. The Industrial Revolution was changed from the age of iron to the age of steel. -
Horizontal Integration
Rockefeller created Horizontal integration. He often bought other oil companies to eliminate competition which is known as horizontal integration. Horizontal integration is also the process of acquiring or merging with competitors, leading to industry consolidation. It also takes over companies in the same industry value chain. Advantages consist of lower cost, Increased market power, reduced competition. Disadvantages include destroyed value, Legal repercussions, reduced flexibility. -
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Becoming an Industrial Power
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Laissez Faire
Laissez Faire is a French term meaning to "leave alone" which was exactly what the American government did. The policy was coined under Dr. Francois Quesnay but later expressed Adam Smith who was an economist and philosopher from Scotland. Laissez Faire was a conservative law which stated that the gov. should stay out of the private business atmosphere and allowed the markets to take care of itself. So there were basically no rules or regulations to tell or direct markets in any direction. -
Ghost Dances
Ghost Dances were a spiritual movement on Indian Reservations to give Native Americans hope. They began in the 1870s in the Western Great Basin to renew and the reintroduce spirits of ancient Northern Paiute ancestors into the contemporary day to help them against the Americans. Dancing in the continuously circular pattern induced a state of religious ecstasy. The dream began by Jack Wilson a Northern Paiute during a solar eclipse he claimed it was his dream that the spirits told him to do. -
Political Machines
Political machines were people who forced others to vote for who they wanted for in return for favors. Political machines in U.S. politics were also a party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state.Political machines were typically focused towards immigrants because they lived in poor places and were unable to get services provided to them on their own. -
Telephone
Alexander Graham Bell created the telephone. With the help of Thomas A. Watson, Bell developed a prototype. In this first telephone, sound waves caused an electric current to vary in intensity and frequency. When that diaphragm vibrated, the original sound would be replicated in the ear of the receiving instrument. Three days after filing the patent, the telephone carried its first intelligible message–the famous “Mr. Watson, come here, I need you”–from Bell to his assistant. -
Battle of little Big Horn
The Battle of Little Big Horn was fought by the Americans and Native Americans after tension began to rise over a dispute of Northern Lands after gold was found. George Custer lead the offensive American side of the battle before reinforcements arrived to the front. Custer was unaware of the size of the Native forces so him and his men were slaughtered.Custer wanted to be named a hero which is what the media made hi out to be.This battle became an excuse for further settlements and reservations. -
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The Gilded Age
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Exodusters
The African Americans who moved West referred to them selves as Exodusters, which came from the bible and referred to the departure of the Israelite's from Egypt. Exodusters were former slaves who migrated to the West (such as Kansas) in search for a better opportunity at a free life. Some became successful, but many would settle on bad land and lacked money from not being able to acquire a job. Because of this many will relocate back to the South or continue to venture out further West. -
Chinese Exclusion Act
The Chinese Exclusion Act allowed a 10 year ban of Chinese immigration labor. The act was put in place to encourage whites to take to jobs that were once occupied by illegal Chinese immigrants. Also very few Chinese could enter the country under these laws. Other restrictions were placed on Chinese who were already in the country, such as once they left they had to regain certificate to re-enter though, state and federal courts refused citizenship. The act extended and would continue until 1943. -
Pendleton Act
There was a widespread demand for a civil service act following the Civil War. The Pendleton Act denounced the spoils system started by the Andrew Jackson administration. It established the tradition and mechanism of permanent federal employment based on merit rather than on political party affiliation. After the Assassination of President Garfield by Charles Guiteau civil service reform became a leading issue. Eventually the civil service exam was established and the Civil Service Reform Act. -
Social Gospel Movement
The social gospel movement began in England and migrated its way to America.The movement advocated for the poor and working class to give them hope and something to look up and forward to. It also required individual salvation and betterment through the bible. Some of the Gospel movement main concerns was the abolition of child labor, a shorter workweek, a living wage, and factory regulation. It brought about new things such as the YMCA, libraries, soup kitchens, exercise and new housing. -
Haymarket Riot
While strikes were becoming common, the Haymarket Riot was a labor protest near Chicago’s Haymarket Square which turned into a riot after someone threw a bomb at police. At least eight people died as a result of the violence. Despite a lack of evidence against them, eight radical labor activists were convicted it had a connection with the bombing. The Haymarket Riot was viewed a setback for the organized labor movement in America, which was fighting for such rights as the eight-hour workday. -
Dawes Severalty Act
The Dawes Severalty Act broke up reservations held by Native Americans. It called for the assimilation of Natives into the American Christian society. Under this act every head of Native families wer given 160 acres of land to farm on in an effort to encourage Native to take up farming. The government held lands in trust for 25 years until families could prove themselves sufficient. due to this farming was poor, no hunting, whites would buy the lands and speculators canned natives out of lands. -
Buffalo Bills Wild West Show
Buffalo Bill's Wild West show was a "authentic" circus-like pageant meant to celebrate and bring the life of the West to the rest of the country. Over the course of 4 years Cody performed his show all around the nation. The show included a pony relay race, Native Americans and George Custer's last stand at the Little Big Horn battle. The show also included Western skills, such as rope tricks, bulldogging and feats of marksmanship. After showing the show for 30 years it ended after Cody's death. -
Currency Reform
The Currency reform were issues implementing standardized national currency. Republicans and business owners fought to ave "hard money" which was gold and coins to keep the status que. Democrats and labor workers favored "soft money" which was paper money. They argued that hard money couldn't support the expanding economy which surrounded silver. Silver meant that prices would go up which would make the money flow. Workers wanted silver and greenbacks hoped would alleviated debt problems. -
Rapid City Growth
Rapid growth in America occurred rather quickly in many established cities such as New York, Chicago, etc. Most people migrated from rural farms far from life in the city including people from Latin America, Europe, Caribbean and Asia. Most Europeans traveled from Southern and Eastern Europe. The great migration was also a contributor in continuing city growth. African Americans fled from the Jim crow laws in the South and went North. Many went for better economic life, escaped war, etc. -
Yellow Journalism
Yellow Journalism consisted of dramatic, sensationalist, highly exaggerated stories. This increased newspaper sales, used against the Spanish, tales of rape in Cuba and murder, women abused by the Spanish. It started in the New York Journal a created by William Randolph Hearst. The most important stories came from the Spanish American War. One of Hearst most famous quotes was "You furnish the pictures, I'll furnish the war." The biggest story was the sinking od the U.S.S Maine which lead to war. -
Sherman Anti-trust Act
It was named after john Sherman the Senator of Ohio who was an expert in commerce. One of the act’s main provisions outlaws all combinations that restrain trade between states or with foreign nations. This prohibition applies not only to formal cartels but also to any agreement to fix prices, limit industrial output, share markets, or exclude competition. A second key provision makes illegal all attempts to monopolize any part of trade or commerce in the United States. Still in affect today. -
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Imperalism
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Wounded Knee
Wounded knee was a massacre (originally known as battle) of native Americans by representatives of the U.S. government. 300 Sioux Indians were killed performing a ghost dance at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in southwestern South Dakota. The massacre was initiated by a gun accidentally going off and no one knows which side fired it. The massacre left 150 native Americans dead with almost half of them being women and children. the representatives of the U.S. government lost 25 people. -
Motion Picture Camera
Thomas Edison created the motion picture camera in 1892. His work drew heavily on the talents of W.K.L Dickson who was a member of an experimental staff and was also a photographer. Edison provided the resources for the vision of innovation, and the electromagnet knowledge used in designing motion picture devices, Dickson provided most of the knowledge of photography that those inventions drew on. They were first shown publicly in 1893 and the following year the 1st Edison films were shown -
City Beautiful Movement
The City Beautiful movement was an American urban-planning movement led by architects, landscape architects, and reformers. The idea of organized urban planning arose in the United States from the City Beautiful movement, which claimed that design could not be separated from social issues and should encourage civic pride and engagement. The movement first gained a nation wide audience in 1893 along with the Colombian Exposition in Chicago and would continue to flourish until the 1920's. -
Sears and Roebuck
Sears Roebuck and Company was a retail giant in the 19th-century as a mail-order business operating in rural America. The purpose of these catalogs were to bring the city business into rural areas which is why department stores were created to have a variety of everything. Sears grew into one of the countries largest cooperation defining America shopping expectations. Although, many other companies have been created along the way now Sears is still one of the biggest department stores today. -
Depression of 1893
The depression of 1893 was a series of economic depressions similar to the panic of 1873 but this was considered the worst in American history until the great depression. It questioned the capitalism of laissez-faire. During this depression all businesses including the collapse of railroads and banks. Coxey's Army marched marched peacefully on Washington which showed protested capitalism while showing patriotism. The conflict between labor and big businesses also lead to Carnegie criticism. -
World's Colombian Exposition
The World’s Colombian Exposition was a defining moment in Chicago history. Over the next six months, more than 26 million visitors would visit the 600-acre fairgrounds and 200-plus buildings full of art, food, entertainment and technological gadgets. The fair, ostensibly meant to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’ first voyage to the New World and served as a showcase for the first Ferris wheel and new vibrant Chicago, just two decades removed from its devastating fire. -
Pullman's Strike
Pullmans strike was started by a group of workers to boycott George Pullman who built luxury railroad cars. The strike disrupted rail traffic in the Midwest of the United States causing railroads to delay time delivery. Due to the depression the economy was hurt causing workers to be laid off and cut salaries, Due to this workers went on strikes against the American railway union (ARU). President Cleveland intervened gaining strikers public support and increased attention. -
Progressives
Progressives were not a movement, but more like a philosophical approach that encouraged major change to American politics and government during the first couple decades. It transcended politics in way such as more safety in the work force like factories. It transcended health care for working class citizens. Women began to get recognized for their positions on suffrage and temperance. The middle class also fought for more money and better conditions along with gov. protection and capitalism. -
Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was founded in November 1874 in Cleveland, Ohio. After Frances Willard took over leadership in 1879, the WCTU became one of the largest and most influential women’s groups of the 19th century by expanding its platform to campaign for labor laws, prison reform and suffrage. Though its membership steadily declined following the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919, the WCTU continued to operate through the 20th century. -
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The Progressive Era
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Klondike Gold Rush
The Klondike Gold Rush took place in Northwest Canada and around the Yukon Territory East of the Alaskan border. When a few people stumbled along the territory they had no idea that they would start one of the biggest and most famous gold rush in history. People poured into the Canadian territory and also found silver , copper,lead and zinc. due to this chemicals polluted the rivers and land for ore separation. Some claimed that this wasn't right and inhuman but other claimed manifest destiny. -
Rough Riders
The Rough Rider were the 1st Volunteer Cavalry, in the Spanish–American War created by Theodore Roosevelt. It was composed of cowboys, miners, law-enforcement officials, African Americans, etc. Roosevelt, who resigned as assistant secretary of the Navy, was second in command so he created the rough riders. It was a flamboyant unit that received more publicity than any other unit in that war, especially for its uphill charge in the Battle of Santiago and the Battle of San Juan Hill. -
U.S.S. Maine incident
This incident was the prime reason America went to was with Spain.The U.S.S. Maine was on its way to Havana Harbor when it exploded killing 268 people shocking the American people.Yellow journalism played a big role blaming the Spanish for the explosion which continued the talk about war against Spain. America sent a team to inspect the explosion and it came back that the Spanish had indeed caused the explosion. Although, the Spanish had conducted their own inspection and it came back negative. -
Battle of San Juan Hill
General William Shafter ordered an attack on the village of El Caney and San Juan Hill. Shafter hoped to capture El Caney, but the 500 Spanish defenders of the village put up a fierce resistance and held off 10 times their number for most of the day. Although El Caney was not secure, some 8,000 Americans pressed forward toward San Juan Hill. the Rough Riders, who had been forced to leave their horses behind because of transportation difficulties, led the charge up the hills. -
Treaty of Paris (1898)
The treaty of Paris was signed in France in 1898 to end the Spanish American War and giving America its first territory outside of the contiguous United States. The treaty stated that Spain give up Cuba and it would become a puppet state. They were also forced to give up Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines for 20 million dollars because of the economy disrupt. They Philippines would eventually fight back causing the Philippine-American War which lead to 4,000 more Americans dying. -
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism is the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely not found creditable by most. Social Darwinism was created by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform. The main focus was to weed out the weak and poor immigrants and only leave the rich and powerful. -
Northern Securities Trust
The Northern Securities company was formed as a holding company. It was created by J.P Morgan and James J. Hill. This case is what established Roosevelt as a "trust buster". It was the first example of Roosevelt’s use of anti-trust legislation to dismiss a monopoly, in this case a holding company controlling the principal railroad lines from Chicago to the Pacific Northwest. The trust cornered the transportation market causing T.D.R. to use the Sherman Anti-Trust Act which S.C.O.T.U.S upholds. -
Platt Amendment
The Platt Amendment stipulated the conditions for withdrawal of U.S. troops remaining in Cuba since the Spanish–American War. By its terms, Cuba would not transfer Cuban land to any power other than the United States, Cuba’s right to negotiate treaties was limited, rights Guantanamo Bay were given to the United States, U.S. intervention in Cuba “for the preservation of Cuban independence” was permitted, and a formal treaty detailing all the foregoing provisions was provided for. -
Big Stick Policy
When Teddy said, “Speak softly, and carry a big stick” he was implementing that you can’t talk about being the best if you can’t back it up. Roosevelt was named the Assistant Secretary of the Navy during McKinley's term. After asserting power over the Caribbean and Latin American countries during Roosevelt's presidency he created the Roosevelt Corollary which was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine and was used to avoid European powers coming into the Western hemisphere in purpose of taking debts -
The Teddy Bear
The teddy bear was named after Teddy Roosevelt by a toy maker in Mississippi. Roosevelt's assistants tied a black bear to a willow tree. They summoned Roosevelt and suggested that he shoot it. Viewing this as extremely unsportsmanlike, Roosevelt refused to shoot the bear. The news of this event spread quickly through newspaper articles across the country. This was a big deal because Roosevelt was an active hunter. A cartoon was made and published leading to a toy maker creating the teddy bear. -
Henry Ford
Henry Ford revolutionized the auto industry by reducing cost by creating the Assembly line process which leads to the creation of the model T. The Ford Motor Company also established the standardization of auto parts which improved machinery and produced more cars for less. His company was also the first to pass benefits on to his employees which included a 5 dollar pay day and an 8 hour work day. Although, his rules to receive the $5 included work for 1 year, No gambling, no drinking, etc. -
Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese war began out of rivalry between Russia and Japan for control over Korea and Manchuria. Russia held peace with China against Japan and won rights to extend railroads across China into Russian seaports. This caused Russia to maintain a piece of Manchuria.Japan launched a surprise attack on Russia and Russia had completely downplayed the Japanese army embarrassing the Russians. After 7 months Teddy Roosevelt negotiated a piece treaty and later on went to win a noble piece prize. -
Pure Food and Drug Act
The purpose of the Pure food and Drug Act was to protect the public against adulteration of food and from products identified as healthful without scientific support. Muckrakers had heightened the public awareness of safety issues stemming from careless food preparation procedures and the increasing incidence of drug addiction from patent medicines. The government would fine companies for false advertisement which were new rules for improved utilities causing no government takeovers. -
The Jungle
The Jungle was written by Upton Sinclair and became an instant bestseller which is still around today. The book was about a struggling immigrant family focusing on poverty and working class conditions. It also showed the reality of the food industry including rotten meat, severed fingers and rat feces being sold in food. The facts in this book exposed workplace conditions so filthy and exploitative that President Theodore Roosevelt felt compelled to act making the meat inspection act.. -
Meat Inspection Act
Meat Inspection Act was signed by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt which prohibited the sale of adulterated or mis-branded livestock and ensured that livestock were slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions. The law reformed the meatpacking industry, making the U.S. inspect all cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and horses both before and after they were slaughtered and processed for human consumption. The law also applied to imported products, which were treated under similarly inspections. -
Great White Fleet
The "Great White Fleet" was a popular name for the American Navy battle fleet that completed a journey sent around the world by President Theodore Roosevelt. The fleet consisted of sixteen new battleships of the Atlantic Fleet. The mission was to make visits and display a friendly aura to many countries while also displaying America's new naval power. Roosevelt sought to demonstrate growing American martial power and hoped to enforce treaties and protect overseas holdings with naval power. -
Muller vs Oregon
The Muller vs Oregon court case was a U.S. Supreme Court case fought by women for equal rights. Oregon declared states working rights and claimed to help with their reproductive health. Although, it appeared to promote the health and welfare of female workers,but it led to additional protective legislation for women for years to come. At issue was an Oregon law passed that prohibited women from working more than 10 hours in one day because it could harm the women's reproductive system. -
Great Migration
The Great Migration was the move of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North. Driven from their homes by unsatisfactory opportunities and harsh segregation laws, many blacks went north, where they took advantage of the need for workers due to the war. Blacks began to build a new place for themselves in the north, actively confronting racial prejudice and social challenges to create a black urban culture that still hold influence to today's society. -
Bull Moose Party
The Bull Moose Party, formally Progressive Party, nominated former president Theodore Roosevelt as its candidate in the presidential election of 1912. Opposing the conservatism of the regular Republican Party, which was controlled by Pres. William Howard Taft. Which split the votes in half. The group met in convention the following year and and nominated Roosevelt for president. It called for revision of the political nominating machinery and an aggressive program of social legislation. -
Panama Canal
The Panama Canal is the shortest route between the Caribbean and Pacific. It was started by the French, but due to disease and mudslides Theodore Roosevelt purchased the right to build it for 40 million dollars.Columbia resist the construction the Panama Province resolved it.Construction of the Canal consisted of a system of locks to raise and lower water levels and to also lift ships above sea level. Artificial lakes were built. Disease misquotes were removed.The Canal took ten years to build. -
European Alliances
6 major European countries were split into 2 sides of World War I. Britain declared war on Germany after they attack France and pledged Belgium independence. France allied with Russia and Germany declared war on France. Russia allied with Bosnia declares war on Germany. They all formed the Triple Entente. Germany allied with Austria-Hungary and pushed for an invasion of Bosnia who Austria declared war on, and Italy joined in the Triple Alliance. These alliances were the 2 sides of World War I, -
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World War I
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassination
Archduke was the air to the throne of Austria-Hungary. Before the assassination Archduke traveled to Sarajevo, Bosnia to inspect former Ottoman territory because it was believed that land should become apart of the Serbian nation. Earlier that day the couple was touring Sarajevo with low security when a bomb was thrown. Later that day they visited an injured officer in the attack when the couple a wrong turn and was killed by a black hand member,Gavrilo Princip, at point-blank range. -
United States as a neutral power
As World War I started in Europe President Wilson claims the United States as a neutral country which most of the nation favored.Since the United States continued on as a neutral country they continued to trade with the Great Britain causing tension between Germany. Because of the trading with England several American ships where destroyed, sunk or damaged by German U-boats. Although, Germany announce they would't cause warfare on other ships they sunk an American vessel causing rage in America. -
Schlieffen plan
The Schlieffen plan was first proposed in 1905 by the chief of the German general staff. It was designed to allow Germany to have a successful two-front war. The plan was modified by Helmuth von Moltke during World War I which reduced the size of the German army which was the blame for Germany's failure to proceed to a quick victory. Because of this the Russians were able to gain speed in the Eastern front. All in all the Schlieffen plan didn't work due to multiple modifications. -
RMS Lusitania
Many newspapers published a warning by the German embassy in Washington that Americans traveling to England or Allied ships in war zones did so at their own risk. The sailing of the British-owned Lusitania was happening from New York to Liverpool. Days later the Lusitania was torpedoed by a German submarine just off the coast of Ireland. 2,000 passengers were on board and 1,201 were killed, including 128 Americans.The ship was carrying weapons for England which Germany used as justification. -
Mustard Gas
The German's were the first country to use mustard gas during World War I. It a new style of fighting known as trench warfare which pitted two armies close enough to each other that they could debate across the lines. though, soldiers barely ventured into the area between the two trenches commonly known as "no man's land". It contained the fear of being gunned down. Battles would often settle into a stalemate. Chemical agents such as mustard gas became a way to break that uneasy deadlock. -
Zimmerman Telegram
The Zimmerman Telegram was a message from the German foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman, the German ambassador to Mexico proposing a Mexican-German alliance in war between the United States and Germany It was published on the front pages of newspapers across America. If the conflict was won between American and Mexico Germany promised to restore to Mexico the lost territories of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. After learning this Woodrow declared won on mexico after 3 months of hearing the news. -
Spanish Flu
The Spanish flu is the deadliest in history and caused worldwide pandemic. It infected an estimated 500 million people worldwide including 25 million and killing 675,000 Americans. The flu was first observed in Europe and America before spreading around the world. There was no effective drugs or vaccines to treat this flu strain. Citizens were ordered to wear masks and businesses were shuttered and bodies piled up in makeshift morgues before the virus ended its deadly global march. -
Paris Peace Conference
The Paris Peace Conference was called to establish the terms of the peace after World War I. Though nearly thirty nations participated, the representatives of the United Kingdom, France, the United States, and Italy negotiated in secret for months without the supervisions of Germany since they dominated the proceedings that led to the formulation of the Treaty of Versailles. It included the planned formation of the League of Nations which insured the fair treatment of German reparations. -
Treaty of Versailles
World War I officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on the anniversary of Archduke's death. It negotiated among the Allied powers with no participation by Germany, it reassigned German boundaries and assigned them responsibility for the war causing reparations that crippled the economy. After strict enforcement Germany agreed to pay reparations , but it was cancelled in 1932. Later Hitler’s rise to power rendered debating the remaining terms and conditions of the treaty. -
Volstead Act
The Volstead Act happened because of President Woodrow Wilson's veto. The act provided enforcement towards the 18th amendment. Police raided neighborhoods, Win, beer and other alcohol were smashed up and many hoped society would become more law abiding. The act included the creation of a special unit of the Treasury Department. The Volstead Act failed to prevent the large-scale distribution of alcoholic beverages leading to the addition of the 21st amendment and repealing of the 18th. -
Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was the development of the Harlem neighborhood in New York City as black cultural in the early 20th Century. The renaissance was the subsequent social and artistic explosion that resulted in legendary writer, photographers and musicians. It lasted roughly from the 1910s through the mid-1930s, which is considered a golden age in African American culture. Which manifesting in literature, music, stage performance and art. It improved lives and created the style jazz. -
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1920s
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The Lost Generation
The lost generation was a group of American writers who rebelled against the historic Victorian values. The generation was “lost” in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from a United States. They were against public codes of conduct, sexual liberation, Alcohol an important release, Escaped unhealthy confines if modern life. Famous writers include F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, T.S. Elliott. -
18th Amendment
Prohibition movements came up across America, driven by religious groups who considered alcohol, specifically drunkenness, a threat to the nation. The movement heightened when Congress ratified the 18th Amendment, prohibiting the manufacture,transportation and sale of alcohol. Prohibition was difficult to enforce and failed to have the effect of eliminating crime and other social problems. it led to a rise in organized crime, as the bootlegging of alcohol became an ever-more lucrative operation. -
Leisure
Due to many workers loosing their jobs because of the surge of people who returned from World War I Americans had more time off and to themselves. This started the satisfactions of buying goods. Alt of activities included the infatuation with cars, radio which were TV's of their time, vacuums and household items. Movies were also starting to increase in ratings because of the free time. Families started to travel because of the accessibility of cars. Sports gained popularity baseball, Golf, etc. -
Teapot Scandal
The Teapot Dome Scandal shocked Americans by revealing an unprecedented level of corruption within the federal government. The scandal involved oil tycoons, politicians, illegal liquor sales, a murder-suicide, a womanizing president and a bagful of bribery cash delivered on the sly. In the end, the scandal would power the Senate to conduct rigorous investigations into government corruption. It also marked the first time a U.S. cabinet official served jail time for a crime commented in office. -
Scopes Monkey Trial
The Scopes trial was called the "monkey trial" and took place in Dayton Tennessee. John Scopes was a substitute teacher who taught the story of evolution to the student which at the time was illegal. Clarence Darrow agreed to join the the defense, and William Jennings Bryan was set as the prosecutor. After the stage was set for one of the most famous trials in U.S. history. The media made a spectacle of the trial and helped become a money maker for the city, Dayton. Scopes was found guilty. -
Spirit of St.Louis
Charles Lindberg beat the odds and became the first person to travel non-stop on an airplane flight from New York to Paris. The trip lasted 33.5 hours along a 3610 miles journey and Lindberg didn't sleep for 55 hours all together. Compared to today's plane innovation the flight would have took 5-6 hours. In the plane he brought along a flashlight, a rubber raft, wicker chair, water, and sandwiches. This trip made the airplane a popular means of transportation promoting commercial air travel. -
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The Great Depression
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St. Valentines Day Massacre
Gangs ruled the streets of Chicago head gangster Al Capone sought to contain control by eliminating his rivals in the illegal trades of bootlegging, gambling and prostitution. This gang violence reached its bloody climax in a garage on the city’s North Side, when 7 men associated with George “Bugs” Moran, one of Capone’s enemies, were shot to death by several men. The Massacre, was never officially linked to Capone, but he was generally considered to have been responsible for the murders. -
Herbert Hoover
Herbert Hoover was America’s 31st president who took office in 1929, the year the U.S. economy plummeted into the Great Depression. Although his predecessors’ policies undoubtedly contributed to the crisis, which lasted over a decade, Hoover took much of the blame in the minds of the American people because of his insensitivity to the depression. As it deepened, Hoover failed to recognize the severity of the situation or leverage the power of the federal government to squarely address it. -
Stock Market Crash
Black Tuesday hit Wall Street as investors traded some 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors. In the aftermath of Black Tuesday, America and the industrialized world spiraled downward into the Great Depression. Which became the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western world up to that time. 3 crucial issues were: speculation of stock, short term loans, prices too high. -
Albert Fall
Albert Fall was responsible for the Teapot Dome scandal. He was the U.S. secretary of the interior under President Warren Harding. He had little schooling experience but studied after moving to New Mexico where he was elected in the U.S. Senate. A vigorous Senate investigation showed that Fall had accepted a large bribe to lease to private oil interests, without competitive bidding, to other reserves in California. He was convicted of accepting bribes and the 1st cabinet member to go to prison. -
The Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl refers to the drought-stricken Southern Plains region of the United States, which suffered severe dust storms during a dry period during the 1930's. As high winds and dust swept the region from Texas to Nebraska, people and livestock were killed and crops failed across America. The Dust Bowl intensified the decreasing economic impacts of the Great Depression and drove many farming families and others on a desperate migration in search of work and better living conditions. -
Hoover's Responce
Hoover was unprepared for the crisis ahead of him when entering office and his response didn't do any thing to help. Though, the severity of the crisis is unknown it lasted over 10 years which was the longest in American history. The government is also forced to lend money to the people in the wake of this crisis. Hoover states that the depression wasn't that bad and promised that the worst had been put behind us. This lead to the angering of many Americans due to no president support. -
Emergency Relief Act
The emergency relief act was America's first major relief legislation enacted over president Herbert Hoover. It was later adopted and expanded by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to become apart of the new deal. The amendment was created to release funds into the American public all across the country. The act was designed to be a temporary means of providing employment and the projects were also declared temporary. The act also allowed to make loans to private cooperation's. -
Bonus March
The bonus march on Washington was a gathering of 40000 World War I veterans who demanded immediate bonus pay for war time services to help with hardships of the Great Depression. Because of the chaos happening on the streets of D.C. President Herbert Hoover called for the Army to supervise the march. Once the Army arrived they forcefully removed the protesters but it wasn't under hoover's orders. After this Hoover people couldn't believe that happened and his approval rating decreased even more. -
Election of 1932
The presidential election was held in which Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Republican Herbert Hoover. The 1932 election was the first election held during the Great Depression, and it represented a dramatic shift in the political alignment of the country. Republicans ran a conservative campaign and dominated the presidency for almost the entire period from 1860. Roosevelt won overwhelmingly due to the bonus march sealing Hoover's fate and his indifference towards the American people. -
First 100 days
Once in office, FDR set to work immediately. His "New Deal," as it turned out, involved regulation and reform of the banking system, massive government spending to "pump up" by restarting the economy and putting people back to work, and the creation of a social services network to support those who had fallen on hard times. Since Roosevelt, every president after has compared themselves to Roosevelt's success. In these days he passed 15 separate bills which formed the basis of the new deal. -
21st Amendment
The 21st Amendment in the U.S. Constitution was ratified and in doing so it repealed the 18th Amendment and bringing an end to the era of national prohibition of alcohol in America. By the late 19th century, groups had become a powerful political force, campaigning calling for national liquor abstinence. The movement for the prohibition of alcohol began in the early 19th century, when Americans concerned about the adverse effects of drinking began forming temperance societies. -
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
The Securities and Exchange Commission was established to regulate the commerce in stocks, bonds, and other securities. The stock market crash, reflections on its cause prompted calls for reform. Controls on the issuing and trading of securities were practically nonexistent, allowing for any number of frauds and other schemes. The unreported concentration of controlling stock interests in a very few hands led to the abuses of power that the free exchange of stock supposedly eliminated. -
Mein Kampf
Mein Kampf, or “My Struggle" in English, was political manifesto written by Adolf Hitler. It was his only complete book and became the bible of National Socialism in Germany’s Third Reich (reign). It was published in two volumes in 1925 and 1927. By 1939 it had sold 5,200,000 copies and had been translated into 11 languages. The book was basically the blue prints to Hitler's entire plan in World War II. Hitler was imprisoned soon after and convicted of treason. He served 9 months. -
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World War II
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Blitzkrieg
A German term for “lightning war,” blitzkrieg is a military tactic designed to create disorganization among enemy forces. Its successful execution results in short military campaigns. German forces tried out the blitzkrieg in Poland in 1939 before successfully employing the tactic with invasions of Belgium. The blitzkrieg was also used by German commander Erwin Rommel during the North African campaign of World War II, and adopted by U.S. General George Patton for his army’s European operations. -
Dunkirk
The Dunkirk evacuation, in World War II caused the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force and other Allied troops from the French seaport of Dunkirk to England. Naval vessels and hundreds of civilian boats were used in the evacuation, which began in May 26. When it ended about 198,000 British and 140,000 French and Belgian troops had been saved.The German tanks crossed Luxembourg to the southern border of Belgium by the evening the Germans were across the Franco-Belgian frontier. -
The Battle of Britain
Battle of Britain, during World War II was the successful defense of Great Britain against unremitting and destructive air raids conducted by the German air force, after the fall of France. Victory for the Luftwaffe in the air battle would have exposed Great Britain to invasion by the German army, which was in control of the ports of France only a few miles away across the English Channel. The battle was a complete air battle bombing major cities.They used blitz tack its which are night attacks. -
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor is a U.S. naval base was the scene of a devastating surprise attack by Japanese forces. Just before 8 a.m. on Sunday morning, hundreds of Japanese fighter planes descended on the base, where they managed to destroy or damage nearly 20 American naval vessels, including eight enormous battleships, and over 300 airplanes, though, the Japanese plan failed unable to destroy battleships. The day after the assault, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan. -
Tuskegee Airmen
The Tuskegee Airmen were the the first black military aviators in the U.S. Army Air force. This demised the thought that young African Americans who aspired to become pilots couldn't learn to fly an aircraft.They trained at the Tuskegee Army Air Field in Alabama, and flew more than 15,000 individual sorties around during World War II. Their impressive performance earned them more than 150 Distinguished Flying Crosses, and helped encourage the eventual integration of the U.S. armed forces. -
Quebec Conference
The Quebec Conference, either of two Anglo-American conferences held in the city of Quebec during World War II. The conference was held to discuss plans for the Allied invasions of Italy and France and was attended by U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Differences between U.S. and British strategists about the coordination of the Italian campaign had to be settled later that year.The decision was made to advance against Germany on two western fronts. -
D-Day
During World War II, resulted in the Allied liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany’s control. Code named Operation Overlord also known as D-Day, when allied forces landed on 5 beaches along a stretch of the heavily fortified coast of France’s Normandy region. The invasion was one of the largest military assaults in history and required extensive planning. Prior to D-Day, the Allies conducted a large-scale deception campaign designed to mislead the Germans about the intended invasion. -
Death of F.D.R.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt passed away after four months into his 3rd term in office bringing vice president Harry Truman in charge of the nation in the mist of World War II. Roosevelt was in a room with his mistress, a couple cousins and his dog when he complained of a headache. Soon later he collapsed unconscious. Someone summoned a doctor and gave Roosevelt a shot of adrenaline. After Eleanor gave a speech she summoned back to the white house and was told of the news. -
Potsdam Conference
The Potsdam Conference was the last of the World War II meetings held by the heads of states. President Truman, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Primer Joseph Stalin, the talks included the Council of Foreign Ministers and a central Allied Control Council for administration of Germany.The leaders came to several agreements on the German economy, punishment for war criminals, land boundaries and reparations. They also issued a declaration demanding “unconditional surrender” from Japan.
