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Bessemer Process
The Bessemer Process had allowed for the price of steel to drop dramatically and for its production to be done with improved conditions and process leading into relative ease for all of the workers. The process involved blowing cold air on red-hot iron in order to ignite the carbon and eliminate impurities.This was a major breakthrough in history that helped factor into many future inclinations. (A cheap and efficient process for making steel, developed around 1850.) -
Period: to
Transforming the West
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Homestead Act
The purpose of this act was to give public land to people in the West, or given public domain. Public domain is property owned by the public and for the general use of the public. The people entitled to secure the grant of land from the Federal government were the head of the family, twenty-one year olds, American citizens, also including women as women at this time could own land. -
Morill Land Grant College Act
The Morrill Act had established the land grant college system. The person who had proposed Land Grant College Act was named Justin Morrill. President Abraham Lincoln also approved the Act. The Second Morrill Act prevented racial discrimination in admission to colleges receiving funds giving rise to the "1890 colleges." Elementary and Secondary Education Reauthorization Act had conferred land grant status to the 29 Native American college composing the American Indian Higher Education Consortium. -
Period: to
Becoming an Industrial Power
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Purchase of Alaska
The american leader that arranged for the purchase of Alaska was the man named William H. Seward. America had bought Alaska from the country, Russia, in the year 1867, as we had paid $7,200,000 for it. However many people did not like this purchase. Also William had instigated on the purchase of Alaska, Midway Islands, and annexed Hawaii and the Dominican Republic. -
Grant elected President
Republican Ulysses S. Grant defeats Democrat Horatio Seymour and is elected President of the United States. Grant receives 214 of 294 votes in the Electoral College. But his part of victory in the popular vote is only 306,000 out of 5.7 million votes cast. The support of 500,000 recently enfranchised Southern Black voters accounts for Grant's victory. -
Knights of Labor founded
This group, which peaked membership in 1886, grew rapidly because of a combination of their open-membership policy, the continuing industrialization of the American economy, and the growth of urban population;welcomed unskilled and semiskilled workers, including women, immigrants, and African Americans;were idealists who believed they could eliminate conflict between labor and managements. Their goal was to create a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked. -
Rockefeller establishes "Standard Oil"
Rockefeller was a man who started from meager beginnings and eventually created an oil empire. In Ohio in 1870 he organized the Standard Oil Company. By 1877 he controlled 95% of all of the refineries in the United States. It achieved important economies both home and abroad by it's large scale methods of production and distribution. He also organized the trust and started the Horizontal Merger. The Standard Oil Company was Rockefeller's first and most famous trust company. -
Vanderbilt funds construction of Vanderbilt University
Cornelius Vanderbilt was the famous railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical. This man was one of the few railroad owners to be just and not considered a "Robber Barron". Vanderbilt University is a private research university in Tennessee.It was named in honor of shipping and rail magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt, who provided the school its initial $1 million endowment -
Red River War
The Red River War was a brief war in North Texas in 1874 to force the Indians off the land and onto Indian Territory (Reserve). The Kiowa Indians and the Comanche Indians often cooperated to keep other Indian tribes off the land. US Army troops slaughtered Indians and destroyed Indian supplies; many Indian leaders captured and sent to reservations. -
Battle of Little Bighorn
When gold was discovered in the Black Hills Indian Reservation in South Dakota, the whites desired the gold for themselves and had decided to invade the Indians' lands and drive them on the warpath. The war had culminated in June 1876, when Colonel George A. Custer and all his men were killed by Sioux Indians at the Battle of Little Bighorn ( also known as Custer's Last Stand ) in Southern part of Montana. -
Hawaiian Reciprocity Treaty with US
The Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 foreshadowed the annexation of Hawaii in many ways; first, by road-mapping a system of preference for importing Hawaiian goods by eliminating tariffs. American goods were likewise given the same preference in Hawaii. Exporting goods from Hawaii to the United States were also given preference in the same manner. Most importantly, in an 1887 addition to the treaty, the United States was granted use of Pearl Harbor as a coal and repair station. -
Boss Tweed captured
William Magear “Boss” Tweed is delivered to authorities in New York City after his capture in Spain. William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3 million. Project cost tax payers $13 million. -
Period: to
The Gilded Age
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Great Uprising of 1877
Ultimately the strike involved more than 100,000 railroad workers in fourteen states; they walked off their jobs, smashed cars and pulled up tracks in Boston, Chicago, St. Louis, Toledo, Louisville, Buffalo, and San Francisco. Before service was restored, more than 100 were dead, hundreds injured, thousands jailed, $5 million of property destroyed.Some companies in the 1880s initiated labor reforms, providing death benefits, limited medical services, and pension plans for their workers. -
Garfield Assassination
When James A. Garfield was attacked on July 2, 1881, the nation was shocked, enraged, and captivated. President for just four months, Garfield was shot by Charles Guiteau as he was about to board a train at the Baltimore & Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C. Severely wounded, Garfield lingered until September 19. An unsuccessful lawyer, evangelist, and insurance salesman, Guiteau believed Garfield owed him a patronage position in the diplomatic corps. -
Chinese Exclusion Act
In the year 1882, this act had halted the process of Chinese immigration to America. Chinese workers migrated to the United States, first to work in the gold mines, but also to take agricultural jobs, and factory work, especially in the garment industry. This had started when people of the West Coast attributed declining wages and economic troubles to the hated Chinese workers; In order to appease them Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. -
Pendleton Act
To reduce corruption in the distribution of government jobs, the United States Congress passes the Pendleton Act. Only 10% of all federal appointees are made subject to this process of selection by examination. Banned Federal candidates from requiring that federal employees work on their campaigns or make financial contributions. Extended the about rule to all federal civil service workers Previously, government workers were expected to make campaign contributions in order to keep their jobs. -
Great Upheaval of 1886
A wave of strikes and labor protests that touched every part of the nation in 1886. An example of a labor protest was six months before unveiling of the Statue of Liberty where police killed four workers who were striking and who were attempting to keep strikebreakers out of a factory in Chicago. -
Haymarket Riot
The riot took place in Chicago between rioters and the police. It ended when someone threw a bomb that killed dozens. The riot was suppressed, and in addition with the damaged reputation of unions, it also killed the Knights of Labor who were seen as anarchists.The Riot created widespread hysteria directed against immigrants and labor leaders. Amid the panic, August Spies and seven other anarchists were convicted of murder on the grounds that they had conspired with an unknown assailant. -
American Federation of Labor founded
The American Federation of Labor was a union of skilled laborers formed by Samuel Gompers in 1866. The AFL quickly became one of the most powerful unions in the United States. They achieved success by avoiding larger political questions in favor of "bread and butter issues" such as shorter workdays and higher wages for union members. It merged with its rival, the Confederation of Industrial Organizations in 1955 to form AFL-CIO. ECONOMIC. number of unions grew over the course of the Gilded Age. -
Interstate Commerce Commission
Congressional legislation that established the Interstate Commerce Commission. The act itself monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states. Interstate Commerce Commission was created to regulate railroad prices compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using the Act to achieve their own ends, but the Act gave the government an important means to regulate big business. -
Dawes Severalty Act effective
The Dawes Severalty Act dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American. This act allowed the president to survey any Indian land and divide the land into individual ownderships. It also allowed purchase of "excess land" that the Indians didn't need. This act broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households. -
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show opens!
The Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show was a successful show that popularized Wild West shows. It had consisted of the former Pony Express rider and Indian fighters, and the hero of popular dime novels for children. This idea of the show romanticized the West and the life of the cowboy. Buffalo Bill Cody was a United States showman famous for his Wild West Show (1846-1917). Buffalo Bill Wild West Show. A show made by William Frederick Cody which reenacted famous frontier events and life in the west. -
Hull House
A settlement house is where immigrants came to live in the U.S. was given in English and how to get a job. The first Settlement House was the Hull House, which was opened by Jane Addams in Chicago. Centers were usually run by educated middle class women. The houses became centers for reform in the women's and labor movements. The house inspired many other like settlements across the country, while Addams spent her lifetime battling for garbage removal, playgrounds, better street lighting. -
Period: to
Imperialism
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Alfred Thayer Mahan publishes book
"The Influence of Sea Power upon History" argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance;it stimulated the naval race among the great powers. Alfred Thayer Mahan was a Naval Admiral who was a very effective advocate of imperialism. In the book, Mahan claimed that countries with sea power were the great nations of history. Mahan also believed that America should at least acquire defensive bases in the Caribbean and the Pacific and take possession of Pacific islands. -
Sherman Anti-Trust Act approved
The Sherman Antitrust Act was a law passed by Congress in 1890 that was designed to combat the monopolies that were running rampant in American business. Big business had so far gone mostly unchecked. Industrial giants were free to form monopolies that drove out competition. Price fixing, pools, and cartels were commonplace. Finally, the government instituted a degree of regulation with the act. It outlawed any combination that restricted interstate commerce or trade with foreign nations -
Mckinley Tariff
The tariff was a "1890 bill" calling for the highest peacetime tariff yet: 48.4 percent. It gave a bounty of two cents a pound to American sugar producers, and raised tariffs on agricultural products. The duties on manufactured goods hurt farmers financially. It had raised tariffs and forced farmers to buy expensive products from American manufacturers, while selling their own goods in a competitive world market. This also had directly caused the republican party to become very unpopular. -
Wounded Knee Massacre
The event occurred in 1890. It was a massacre in 1890 that started when Sioux left the reservation in protest because of the death of Sitting Bull. The US army killed 150 sioux at wounded knee; last major incident in the great plains. It was also known as "The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek", which was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the United States, subsequently described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. -
Populist Party Convention
The leaders of what would later become the Populist Party held a national convention in Ocala, Florida and adopted a platform advocating reforms to help farmers. The U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies. For example, a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C, the second year of economic depression. -
Depression of 1893
This time period had consisted of serious economic depression, beginning in 1893.Due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930's. Caused by overbuilding, agricultural depression, labor depression, free silver, damaged credit, government running out of gold reserve. -
World's Columbian Exposition
The world's fair that took place in Chicago that featured the progress of American civilization through the grand architecture that represented an ideal urban environment. It was to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' arrival in the New World (1492). The architecture of the fairgrounds was referred to as the White City. The wave of immigrants that arrived in the U.S until the 1880s primarily from western Europe such as the British isles, Germany, and Scandinavia. -
Pullman Strike
A 1894 strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's new willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages. The boycott crippled railroad traffic nationwide, until the federal government intervened in early July. -
Period: to
Progressive Era
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Klondike Gold Rush begins!
The rush had caused a migration by an estimated 100,000 prospectors to the Klondike region of the Yukon in north-western Canada between 1896 and 1899. Gold was discovered there by local miners on August 16, 1896 and, when news reached Seattle and San Francisco the following year, it triggered a stampede of would-be prospectors. Some became wealthy, but the majority went in vain. The Klondike Gold Rush ended in 1899 after gold was discovered in Nome, Alaska prompting an exodus from the Klondike. -
William McKinley Elected President
This Republican candidate defeated William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential election. The republican presidential nominee, from Ohio, best known for his support of a high protective tariff but also considered a friend of labor. As a supporter of big business, he pushed for high protective tariffs. Under his leadership, the U.S. became an imperial world power. He was assassinated by an anarchist in 1901. An important issue during McKinley’s presidency was U.S. involvement in China. -
U.S.S. Maine Explosion
In 1898, the U.S. battleship Maine exploded and sank in Havana Harbor; 260 Americans died. Although it was later concluded that it was an internal explosion caused by a fire in the coal bunker, the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine provided an excuse for those eager for war with Spain. "Remember the Maine!" became a common cry for war. This was an American battleship that exploded in Cuban territory, killing Americans. This caused and was the spark for the Spanish-American War that had soon broke out. -
Battle of Manila Bay
The Battle of Manila Bay had marked the end of the wooden navy, US Steel Navy destroyed Spanish navy with one US fatalities. It was also concluded to be the first battle of the Spanish-American War in the Philippines. The outcome of this battle was a decisive US victory under Commodore George Dewey. (US steel ships vs. Spanish wooden ships). However he was unable to attack the Spanish troops and had to wait for American army reinforcements. On August 13, 1898 American troops captured Manila. -
Spanish American War
One of the causes of the Spanish-American War was Yellow Journalism in 1898. This was when newspaper publishers like Hearst and Pulitzer sensationalized news events (like the sinking of the Maine) to anger American public towards Spain. The Spanish-American War was a war fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. -
Annexation of Hawaii
Queen Liliuokalani opposed this idea, Sanford B. Dole had overthrown her in 1893. McKinley Tariff made Hawaiian sugar expensive; Americans felt that the best way to offset this was to annex Hawaii—a move opposed by its Queen Liliuokalani—but in 1893, desperate Americans in Hawaii revolted; succeeded, and Hawaii seemed ready for annexation, but Grover Cleveland became president again, investigated the coup, found it to be wrong, and delayed the annexation of Hawaii until he basically left office -
Treaty of Paris 1898
The Treaty of Paris of 1898 had brought a formal end to the Spanish-American war. It confirmed the terms of the armistice concerning Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Negotiaters had startled the Spanish by demanding that they also cede the Philippines to the U.S, but an offer of 20 million for the islands softened Spain's resistance. The Spanish accepted the Americans terms. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philipines. Cuba was freed from Spain. -
"Open Door Policy"
This was a statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay, was the Secretary of State, dispatched the Open Door to keep the countries that had spheres of influence in China from taking over China and closing the doors on trade between China and the U.S. the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade. Countries to respect Chinese rights and promote fair trade with low tariffs. -
Speech on Square Deal given
"Square Deal" embraced the three Cs: Control of the corporations, consumer protection, and the conservation of the United States' natural resources. -
"Jungle" published
Upton Sinclair achieved considerable popularity in the first half of the 20th century, gaining particular fame for his 1906 muckraking novel The Jungle. Upton Sinclair was a Pulitzer Prize-winning prolific American author who wrote over 90 books in many genres. The book dealt with conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry, causing a public uproar that partly contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906. -
Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act effective
These acts were passed in 1906. It was the first law to regulate manufacturing of food and medicines, which had prohibited dangerous additives and inaccurate labeling. The muckrakers had sparked this as successfully heightened public awareness of safety issues stemming from careless food preparation procedures and the increasing incidence of drug addiction from patent medicines had drawn their attention. The purpose of the two acts was to protect the public against adulteration of food. -
Ida B. Wells helps found NAACP
The NAACP had stood for the meaning, "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People". The organization had been founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination. Also to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, and got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional. Ida B. Wells, in 1906, joins W.E.B Dubois in founding the Niagara Movement and the NAACP. Ida B. Wells also being very active in the movement for women's suffrage. -
The Mann-Elkins Act passed
Signed by Taft, The outcome of the act was that it had bolstered the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission and supported labor reforms. The Mann-Elkins Act was a federal law passed during the Progressive Movement that extended the Interstate Commerce Act and the authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission to set railroad rates and regulate the telecommunications industry. It also expanded the ICC's jurisdiction to cover telephone, telegraph and radio companies. -
Triangle Fire
This incident was widely known as it had been one of the largest fires, in terms of death. The people that had been working in this factory were young women. Young women who were around 10 years old, also including older women. All of these women were working for their families or for the purpose for sending to distant families across the sea, at far away distances. Many people also desired a job at this factory as the factory itself was admirable. It had big windows and more space. -
17th Amendment passed
This amendment established that senators were to be elected directly. This law was intended to create a more democratic, fair society. Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures. -
Federal Reserve Act
This act was significant in which it had created the new Federal Reserve Board, which oversaw a nationwide system of twelve regional reserve districts, each with its own central bank, and had the power to issue paper money ("Federal Reserve Notes"). A committee formed to investigate industries engaging in interstate commerce. It was created to stop unfair trade practices and to regulate and crush monopolies. -
Period: to
World War I
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassinated
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. In June 1914, a Serbian nationalist assassinated him and his wife while they were in Sarajevo, Bosnia. This was in protest to Austria-Hungary having control of this region. Serbia wanted to take over Bosnia and Herzegovina. This assassination led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia. This event was a direct result into sparking a war, or anything related to the beginning of war. -
UNIA founded
The "Universal Negro Improvement Association" was black working class's first mass movement. Under the leadership of the Jamaican born, Marcus Garvey, the UNIA built racial pride; challenged white political and cultural hegemony and championed black separatism. a black nationalist organization founded in 1914 by the Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey in order to promote resettlement of African Americans to their "African homeland" and to stimulate separate black economy within the United States. -
The Scheifflin Plan
The Schleifflin Plan was a German war plan developed by Afred Graf von Schlieffen to be used if Germany faced a two front war. German plan to take Paris before the Brits could land an army and they had assumed Russia would take a year to mobilize, and also assumed that they had they ability for the Germans to say that they could invade France from Belgium in 3 days. After declaring war on Russia due to Austria-Hungary, the adoption of the plan caused Germany to also declare war on France. -
Britain declares war on Germany
It began by a significant event, which was the assassination of the Archduke. A Serbian terrorist assassinates Franz Ferdinand and the Austrian government issues an ultimatum, threatening war against Serbia and invades. On the other hand, Germany government declares war against Russia as Austria's Ally, Germany declares war against France, an ally of Russia, and immediately begins an invasion of Belgium, Great Britain declares War against Germany. And that is how the events lead to the war. -
Sinking of the Lusitania
The Lusitania was a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died from this event. The unrestricted submarine warfare caused the U.S. to enter World War I against the Germans. Germany agreed not to sink unarmed passenger ships with out warning. They violated this in 1916 when they torpedoed this French passenger ship. Wilson threatened to break diplomatic relations because of this. -
America enters the war
The general aspects of the causes of World War I would be Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism. The reason America had entered the war was because of the fact that there were these attacks on U.S. ships and American support for the Allies. -
First Red Scare
This was known as a period in the United States as to when there was a suspicion of communism and fear of widespread infiltration of communists in the US government. Events that caused the First Red Scare was that the 1917 Russian revolution inspired post-war anti capitalist protests in the United States. Another idea that factored into this event was that anarchists started to distribute pamphlets calling for revolution. In 1919, 60,000 people take part in a general strike in Seattle. -
Zimmerman Telegram
Message was sent calling on Mexico to join in a coming war against the US and promising to recover territory in the Mexican War. It was proposed that Mexico join Germany in fighting in WWI. IN return, Germany would help Mexico get back its "lost" territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.. This telegram cause an uproar in America because those territories rightfully belonged to the US, Increased anti-German feeling in the US, One of the reasons why the US eventually joined the Allies in WWI. -
October Revolution
The October Revolution, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was the overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life. The Bolsheviks were a group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917. -
Execution of the Russian Royals
Czar Nicholas II, his wife, son and four daughters were all executed by the Bolsheviks after being imprisoned following his abdications. The Romanov dynasty officially and tragically ended.The Royals had been captured and held by the Bolsheviks in the Ipatiev House. The White Army was getting close to the Romanov Family and this sealed their fate. The family was told to get dressed and head to a lower level of the complex. There they were all executed. The Red Army killed the family. -
World War I end
World War One ended at 11am on the eleventh day of the eleventh month. Germany signed an armistice (an agreement for peace and no more fighting) that had been prepared by Britain and France. Treaty of Versailles was created to solve problems made by World War I. Germany was forced to accept. It was composed of only four of the original points made by President Woodrow Wilson. The treaty punished Germany and did nothing to stop the threat of future wars. It maintained the pre-war power structure. -
World Christian Fundamentals Association founded
The World Christian Fundamentals Association was founded in 20th century by William Bell Riley. J. Gresham Machen could not and did not want to join because he thought dispensationalism was odd. The WCFA's main purpose of being founded was to combat liberalism in American Christianity and to combat the teaching of evolution in the public school system. Three other societies such as the Baptist General Tract Society, American Baptist Home Mission Society, and American Baptist Missionary Union. -
18th Amendment ratified
The purpose of the 18th amendment was that this had banned the sale, manufacture and transportation of alcohol in the United States. The Temperance Movement had also influenced the result of this. This movement attempted to dissuade people from becoming intoxicated by alcohol. This amendment had lasted for fourteen years. -
Treaty of Versailles
World War One ended at 11am on the eleventh day of the eleventh month. Germany signed an armistice (an agreement for peace and no more fighting) that had been prepared by Britain and France. Treaty of Versailles was created to solve problems made by World War I. Germany was forced to accept. It was composed of only four of the original points made by President Woodrow Wilson. The treaty punished Germany and did nothing to stop the threat of future wars. It maintained the pre-war power structure. -
Volstead Act effective
The Volstead Act specified that: "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors. By 1830, Americans are drinking three times as much as modern Americans do today! -
Ku Klux Klan
The Ku Klux Klan is informally known as, 'The Klan' or 'The Hooded Order'. The late 1860's in the year following the Civil War where they terrorized African Americans to stop them taking part in political processes, this is where their infamous conical hats and white costumes were introduced. They "rebirthed", heavily increasing the amount of members that were in the Klan. When just over two hundred Klan members joined together to torch Saloons that had sprung up in Union Country, Arkansas. -
Period: to
1920's
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19th Amendment ratified
19th Amendment had guaranteed women their constitutional right to vote. Important women who helped make this happen was: Alice Paul, Lucy Burns, Katherine Morey, Ada Davenport Kendall, Anne Martin, Elizabeth McShane, Mrs. John Rogers (a descendant of a signer of the Declaration of independence, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton who began the fight in the mid-19th century and spent their lives fighting for women's rights, and Carrie Chapman of the Woman Suffrage Association. -
American Birth Control League founded
The American Birth Control League was an organization founded by Margaret Sanger in 1921, which in 1942, changed its name to Planned Parenthood. Their sole purpose of the organization was to fulfill duties that distributed birth-control information to doctors, social workers, women's clubs, and the scientific community, as well as to thousands of individual women. -
Model T first affordable car
Henry Ford had developed the mass-produced Model-T car, which sold at an affordable price. It pioneered the use of the assembly line. Also greatly increased his workers wages and instituted many modern concepts of regular work hours and job benefits. The car was sturdy, reliable, inexpensive, and available only in black. In 1914, he announced that he would pay workers $5 a day. Workers were happy, and Ford had many customers. By 1924, his car sold for less than $300. -
Immigration Act of 1924 enacted
The Immigration Act of 1924, or Johnson-Reed Act, including the National Origins Act, Asian Exclusion Act, was a United States federal law that limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890, down from the 3% cap set by the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921, according to the Census of 1890. It excluded immigration of Asians. It superseded the 1921 Emergency Quota Act. -
Indian Citizenship Act
Indian Citizenship Act was proposed by Homer P. Snyder of New York and granted full U.S. citizenship to America's first peoples, called "Indians" in this Act. Gave citizenship to all native Americans who had not already achieved it. The is gave native Americans recognition in the law and in theory the right to vote. 2/3 already had it through marriage, land ownership and military service. Some may have not wanted citizenship- still trying to achieve assimilation. Not all got the right to vote. -
Mein Kampf published
Was written by Adolf Hitler during his time as a political prisoner in Munich. Mein Kampf translates to "My Struggle". Goals were to spread Hitler's philosophy that Germans were superior, to express Hitler's view that Jews were a threat to the Germans as they were "Lazy", Jews were responsible for loss of WWI, Disliked Communists as well, this was because he believed majority of Jews were communists , to brainwash German people to see Hitler as a Hero and make Germans feel threatened by Jews. -
Charles Lindbergh's flight to Paris
In order to make his famous flight from New York to Paris, Lindbergh needed a special plane. He enlisted the help of the Ryan Airlines Corporation to build the perfect plane that could make it across the ocean. Lindbergh designed the plane for one purpose: to fly to Paris. It could travel a maximum of 4,000 miles at a time. One of the more innovative designs in the plane is that the fuel tank was placed in front of the pilot, so that if the plane needed to make a quick landing, wouldn't be stuck -
Period: to
The Great Depression
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Valentine's Day Massacre
Al Capone, a mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs. St. Valentine's Day Massacre was in 1929 when Capone's men executed 7 members of the O'Banion gang. Ended Chicago's Beer War. The killing allowed Capone to show his control over the city so violence was not as necessary. -
Dust Bowl
During the period of depression, some parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas that were down the line and was hit hard by dry topsoil and high winds that created blinding dust storms. This area of the Great Plains became called that (The Dust Bowl) because winds blew away crops and farms, and blew dust from Oklahoma to Albany, New York. Ruined farms and left many farmers with out crops and money. -
Election of 1932
The Election of 1932 was a very historic battle between those who believed that the federal government could not and should not try to fix people's problems and those who felt that large scale problems (ie. Depression) required the government's help. The outcome of the election was that FDR won by a huge margin in part from the huge support from urban workers, coal miners, and immigrants of Catholic and Jewish descent. -
Glass-Steagall Act passed
It was passed as an emergency measure to counter the failure of banks during the Great Depression. It prohibited commercial banks from participating in the investment banking business. Goals of this act were to stop "run on banks" and to restore the public confidence in the US banking system and to sever the linkages between commercial and investment banking that were believed to have been responsible for the 1929 market crash. -
The Holocaust begins
A specific genocidal event in twentieth-century history: the state-sponsored, systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945. Jews were the primary victims—6 million were murdered; Gypsies, the handicapped, and Poles were also targeted for destruction or decimation for racial, ethnic, or national reasons. Soviet prisoners of war, and political dissidents, also suffered grievous oppression and death under Nazi tyranny. -
Civilian Conservation Corps
The Civilian Conservation Corps employed about 3 million men (between 18-25) to work on projects that benefited the public, planting trees to reforest areas, building levees for flood control, and improving national parks, etc. Most pop form of legislation. Men only keep twenty to twenty five percent of the money and the rest of it would be sent back to their families. -
National Industrial Recovery Act
The National Industrial Recovery Act had provided money to states to create jobs; it was struck down by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional on the ground that it gave legislative powers to the executive branch and that the enforcement of industry codes within states went beyond the federal government's constitutional powers to regulate interstate commerce. -
Securities and Exchange Commission founded
SEC founded to protect investors, maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets, and facilitate capital formation. SEC oversees securities exchanges, securities brokers and dealers, investment advisors, mutual funds, and also have an additional mission for promoting disclosure of important market related information, maintaining fair dealing, and protecting against fraud. All investors should have access to certain basic facts about an investment prior to buying it, so long as they hold it. -
Wagner Act effective
The Wagner Act was a New Deal legislation that was supported by R. F. Wagner. It established defined unjust labor practices, secured workers the right to bargain collectively, and established the National Labor Relations Board. Workers could organize, bargain collectively and engage in concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aids or protection. -
Huey Long Assassination
Louisiana Governor that wanted to help underprivileged people by improving education, medical care, and public services. developer of the "Share-Our-Wealth" program. limited personal income to $1 million, and inheritance to $5 million. Huey Long was Senator AND Governor of Louisiana who was planning to run for president in 1936 but was shot September 8,1935. Dr Carl Weiss was accused of assassinating Huey Long and was shot 62 times by his body guards. Does not fit the assassin profile. -
Munich Conference
The Munich Conference was considered a high point of Western appeasement for Hitler as it had hastily arranged conference between German, French, British, and Italian representatives that reached an agreement that met virtually all of Hitler's demands. The outcome of this conference decided that German troops were allowed to occupy the Studenland. Hitler agreed to a declaration saying Britain and Germany would never go to war again. -
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World War II
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German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
The German- Soviet Non-Agression Pact was a secret agreement between German leader Hitler and Soviet Leader Stalin in 1939 not to attack one another and to divide Poland. Significant because the pact allowed Germany to take Poland without any interference from the USSR, allowing further power to be gained. The Pact was created for the purpose to resolve conflicts peacefully. -
North African Campaign
The North African Campaign was essential in securing the Suez Canal which was Britain's lifeline to its Empire, and in securing oil available in North Africa as well as Middle-East. It would also open up a front through Souther Italy onto Germany. For the Axis, it would open a second front onto the Soviet Union through the Middle-East. 275,000 Axis soldiers captured - huge blow to Axis. Suez Canal remained open for Britain - troops from the Dominions arrive to help Allies -
Pearl Harbor attack
Aircraft and midget submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy began an attack on the U.S naval base. At 06:05 on December 7, the six Japanese carriers launched a first wave of 183 aircraft composed mainly of dive bombers, horizontal bombers and fighters. While the Americans failed to discover Japan's target location, it was believed that the Philipines was the most likely target. Under the command of Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, the attack was devastating in loss of life and damage to the U.S. fleet. -
Operation Torch
Operation Torch, initially called Operation Gymnast, was the British-American invasion of French North Africa in World War II during the North African Campaign, started on November 8, 1942. The Soviet Union had pressed the U.S. and Britain to start operations in Europe and open a second front to reduce the pressure of German forces on the Soviet troops. Franklin D. Roosevelt suspected the African operation would rule out an invasion of Europe in 1943 but agreed to support Winston Churchill. -
Public Works Administration
The Public Works Administration organization had intended both for industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. This organization itself had been headed by famous Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes. They had it aimed at long-range recovery by spending over $4 billion on some 34,000 projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways (i.e. the Grand Coulee Dam of the Columbia River). -
Battle of Normandy
The Battle of Normandy, codenamed Operation Overlord was the Allied invasion of Normandy, part of the Normandy Campaign. It began on June 6, 1944 (commonly known as D-Day), and is held to end on June 30, 1944, with Operation Cobra. As of 2007, Operation Overlord remains the largest seaborne invasion in history, involving over 156,000 troops crossing the English Channel from England to Normandy. Operation Neptune was the codename given to the initial naval assault phase of Operation Overlord. -
FDR Dies
Franklin Roosevelt was very popular and was elected 4 times. He was elected 4 times because of the huge emergencies of that time, the Great Depression and WWII. He dies in office in 1945, during his 4th term. Afterwards, the 22nd Amendment is ratified, which limits presidents to two terms. FDR's vice president who became President when FDR died suddenly during his fourth term; led the US through the final months of World War II and made the fateful decision to drop the atomic bombs in Japan. -
Battle of Berlin
As this was the last battle, before the battle was over, German Führer Adolf Hitler and a number of his followers committed suicide. The city's defenders finally surrendered on 2 May. However, fighting continued to the north-west, west and south-west of the city until the end of the war in Europe on 8 May (9 May in the Soviet Union) as German units fought westward so that they could surrender to the Western Allies rather than to the Soviets. Final major offensive of the European of World War II. -
Federal Emergency Relief Administration
FERA was one of the New Deal Programs that were similar to unemployment-relief efforts of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) set up by Herbert Hoover and the U.S. Congress in 1932. It was established as a result of the Federal Emergency Relief Act of 1933. A relief effort for the unemployeed with immediate relief goals looked for immediate relief rather than long-term alleviation, and its Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was headed by the zealous Harry L. Hopkins.
