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French Enlightenment
During the 19th Century the French began creating instituations for children with disabilities. They had three main questions: Who, what, and where? But the French focused on the where aspect; where would the "treatment" of those with disabilities take place? At this time the major philosophers were Jean-Marc Itard and Edouard Seguin of France and Samuel Gridley Howe of America. -
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Progressive Era
The Progressive Era was marked with the proliferation and empowerment of professionalization, as well as a huge influx of immigrants into the public school. The focus during this era was the WHO in special education -
The Committe of Ten
This committe was created by the National Education Association to establish a standard curriculum, specifically for secondary schools. -
First Special Education Class Founded
The first special education class specifically for "mental defectives" was founded in Providence, Rhode Island in 1896. -
Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education
There was a large influx of students in secondary schools so changes were very much needed to the standards. The seven Principles are health, command of fundamental processes, worthy home membership, vocation, civic education, worthy use of leisure, and ethical character. -
Ralph W. Tyler
Tyler wrote Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction where he posted these four fundamental questions:
1. What education purposed should the school seek to attain?
2. What educational experiences can be provided that are likely to attain these purposes?
3. How can these educational experiences be effectively organized?
4. How can we determind whether these purposes are being attained? -
Benjamin Bloom
Bloom wrote the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I: The Cognitive Domain. Within this book there are six levels within the cognitive domain, ranging from low order to higher order. Also commonly known as "Bloom's Taxonomy." In the 1990s the original taxonomy was revised. -
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Transition from 20th to 21st Century
This period was full of expansion of public special education, the disability rights movement, and specifically the Individiduals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). This time focused on the WHAT of special education. -
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Fenwick W. English
Fenwick English introduced the concept of a curriculum map. -
Planning for Effective Instruction Lesson Design
Madeline Hunter created "The Seven Step Lesson Plan." She co-authored Planning for Effective Instruction Lesson Design with Doug Russell. -
Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner developed the theory of multiple intelligences. Gardner argued that there is a wide range of cognitive abilities. He originally wrote about 7 distinct intelligences: visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and logical-mathematical. Two others were added: naturalist intelligence and existential intelligence.
