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1500
Spirituality of the First Occupants
The First occupants believed in Shamanism (Priest/medicine man). The Shamans were responsible for interpreting dreams and they healed the sick. Myths and legends were created to pass on the native's history. They had dreamcatchers to get rid of bad dreams. The elders were well respected and passed on their knowledge. The Natives lived in harmony with nature, they have no more and no less than what they need to survive. Animalism: all things have a soul. -
Period: 1500 to
Culture and Currents of Thought
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Absolutism of Louis 14th Pt 1
King Louis 14th became the King of France in 1643. He had absolute power (Divine Right of Kings).Whatever he said went. This king took it to another level: put himself above God. King Louis 14th’s colony of New France was suffering, its economy and population were not developing thanks to the company of 100 associates, so he eliminated mercantilism. He named Jean-Baptiste Colbert Minister of Marine (in charge of the colony and reported back to the king).They created the Royal Government in 1663. -
Absolutism of Louis 14th Pt 2
-1200 trained soldiers were sent to New France by Louis 14th
-The chartered companies had negative effects on the development of the colony so he ended their monopoly.
-He named Jean Talon as the Intendant. -
Catholicism Pt 1
Catholicism had a great influence on people's lives; its influence was extremely powerful. The Church had the power to excommunicate people. Catholics had a hardcore life and Catholicism heavily influenced the average person; going to church was mandatory, people had to pray to make up for their sins and to go to heaven, consumption of meat wasn't allowed on Fridays. Catholicism influenced the way people dressed. -
Catholicism Pt 2
Church set up schools to spread their beliefs and influences. Schools were used to recruit young priests. Only the best male students became priests. Artworks were influenced by religion. -
Religion in New France pt 1
Churches were everywhere. They were built to last, most villages had a church. Everyone paid the church taxes (tithe).
The Clergy was everywhere. Priests working as missionaries converted the natives. Nuns were working in hospitals which were run by the Church. Nuns also worked in schools. Schools were designed to push the religious agendas. -
Religion in New France Pt 2
Only the wealthy got to go to school. They learned from the Bible's point of view. The best students were recruited as priests. Wealthy women had to pay for a private tutor in order to be educated. The poor couldn't attend school so they were illeterate. Marguerite Bourgeoys established the first school. Schooling was based on what was in the bible. The money to make all this happen came from the church tax called the tithe. -
The Independence of Canadians
When people settled in New France, there were very few influences other than the natives. There wasn’t a single police to enforce rules, so these Europeans lived freely, the way the wanted and created their own unique culture. The lack of French authority forced them to become independent. They were influenced by the natives in many different ways; the Europeans adopted the natives wardrobe, used their modes of transportation, adopted new words and dialogue as well as a new accent. -
Ultramontanism
Ultramontanism gives a lot of power to the pope, enhancing the Catholic Church's power over society. People who were willing to obey the Church, be influenced by the church and want it to take over everything adopted Ultramontanism. During the French Regime, many people were Ultramontanist. -
Liberalism
-a political/social philosophy giving freedom to the individual.
-In the French Regime, there was no liberalism since everyone was controlled by the Catholic Church and King.
-Today Canada is a liberal country. (freedom of religion, speech, press…)
-Liberalism marked the beginning of parliamentarism because the people got the freedom to vote for who they want to govern them.
-Liberal ideas diffused by newspapers that can publish whatever they want.
-Liberal ideas reflected in the architecture. -
Anticlericalism
Anticlericalism is opposed to the influence and intervention of the clergy or the Church in public affairs (It’s opposed to ultramontanism). It encourages the Church to get out and only be in charge in the 4 walls of the church. The Church stays out of everything except for Church affairs, the Church and State become separated. The Church in charge of religion if you are Catholic, the State is in charge of everything else. -
Imperialism
Imperialism is the policy of wanting the mother country to rule it’s colonies. Imperialism is being 100% loyal to the mother country. People who support imperialism swear allegiance to the mother country. Everything supported mother country says, support it. The loyalists were imperialists. Imperialism influenced the parliamentary political organization and architecture. Spread of imperialism in newspapers and stories. Le Devoir was a newspaper to protest against imperialism. -
How the Gouvernment Function Pt 2
-Canada has a parliamentary democracy; Laws must be passed through the parliament, whose members are elected by the people.
-There are three levels of the government: federal, provincial, and municipal.
-There are three different types of power; Executive, Legislative, Judicial. -
Cooperatism
-Encourages pooling of resources to help the small investors make profit.
-People join together making a powerful business.
-Cooperatism was used mainly in agriculture.
-Current co-op: Desjardins
-Each person in the co-op is equal and is a part owner. -
Nationalism
-The devotion to one's nation and its interests over all other nations. -Opposed to imperialism.
-English Canadian Nationalists want independence from Great Britain. They liked the British system, however, they recognized Canada as its own nation and wanted independence.
-French Canadian Nationalists wanted to protect the French language/culture and to separate from Canada and Great Britain.
-Ideas spread through newspapers.
-New Wave of nationalism in the 1960's: Neo-Nationalism. -
How the Government Functions Pt 1
-Canada's government is a constitutional monarchy.
-Queen and Governor General have symbolic power, they don't have real power.
-Governor General is the Queen's representative in Canada. He has the power to veto the laws elected by the prime minister but will most likely never use it. -
Capitalism
-Capitalism gives the power to the people to start and own a business without the state intervening.
-Causes major social inequalities since it's a system that encourages a concentration of wealth by a small number of people.
-The british business class profit the most from this system since they have the capital to start and grow a business.
-Successful businessmen get very rich.
-French canadian nationalists turned against capitalism.
-America is a very capitalistic county. -
Socialism
-Criticises capitalism and denounces the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few.
-Demands fairer distribution of wealth. (Rich aren't as rich and poor aren't as poor compared to capitalism).
-Encourages state intervention, giving the lower class more services and money.
-The abolition of capitalism and social classes by sharing results in communism.
-The community has a say in what's going on and they decide what's best for them. -
Agriculturalism
-Promotes a rural and traditional way of life.
-supports farmers and farming.
-Maurice Duplessis was a very big supporter of agriculturalism. He brought electricity and paved roads to the country to make people want to live there.
-Agriculturalism encouraged by the Catholic Church since they wanted to get the Catholic people away from the unholy stuff (drugs and alcohol), which are concentrated in urbanised areas. -
Fascism
-The dictator should control an entire country/nation.
-Rules through force and propaganda.
-Fascism was brought to an extreme in Germany by Adolf Hitler. -
Feminism Pt 1
-Women had a hard life, were forced to do as their husbands commanded, worked long hours and got paid less than men for the same job. Women often did the worst jobs, had few rights and little education. Feminism changed women's’ lives.
-Feminism is objected to the traditional vision of society that men are superior.
-Women should have equal rights such as the vote in elections, equal salaries as men and receiving the same jobs.
-Contraceptive methods helped women take control over their bodies. -
Feminism Pt 2
World War I opened things up for women. They worked as nurses and in factories when the men were at war. Women obtained the right to vote in the Federal elections in 1918. They received the right to vote in the Municipal elections in 1940. -
Americanism
-Quebec's society is influenced by American culture (music, tv, cars, radio…)
-Dances such as the Charleston and Jaz music were created in America.
-The Catholic church wasn't happy with Americanism, they attempted to spread traditional values in the media and in songs. -
Neoliberalism
-A new wave of liberalism that wants to encourage the state to not intervene in many spheres of society (ex: no or little intervention in economic matters).
-Against customs and duties between countries -
Secularism
-Separating the Church and state.
-Only spiritual matters are controlled by the Church. Schooling (primary and secondary school) is free and mandatory, controlled by the government.
-Creation of the Ministry of Education in 1964
-The Catholic Church lost its control over education. -
Laicism
-Similar to anticlericalism.
-Separation of Church and State (Church only takes part in the religious sphere of society).
-Before Laicism, the Church had a huge influence on people's lives since they controlled hospitals, education, etc...
-Artists and intellectuals denounced the control of the Church over society.
-The death of Maurice Duplessis was a big transition to Laicism. -
Aboriginalism/Oka Crisis
-Giving rights to the aboriginals and preserving their culture, traditional ways, language and territory.
-in 1990, Mohawks made roadblocks on the borders of their land in Oka to prevent the expansion of a golf course onto their land. The Canadian forces came to handle the situation. It lasted 78 days and ended without armed conflict. But the territorial issue wasn't solved yet, so the Charlottetown Accord was created to help the situation ameliorate.
