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Oct 27, 1500
First Occupants
Spirituality: Shamanism (priest/medicine man), myths & legends, dreamcatchers
Social relationships: Respect for elders, traditions, freedom of actions (no written laws & private property)
Nature: Aminism (respect living things since have souls), circle of life
Communication & exchange: Oral traditions, song & dance, ceremonies -
Period: Oct 27, 1500 to
Culture and Currents of Thought
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Period: to
French Regime
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The Divine Rights of Kings
King had absolute power.
King Louis the 14th: gaining control in Europe, but colony of New France was suffering (not developing economy & population and constant Iroquois attacks).
He acted: Dispatched a regiment of soldiers (about 1200). Companies who held a monopoly were destroying New France, so he ended the monopoly & placed N.F. under Minister of Marine (Jean-Baptiste Colbert). Implemented Royal Government (1663).
King organizes cultural events.
King exercises control over Church. -
Catholicism
Very powerful (huge influence). You did what they wanted, otherwise you were EXCOMMUNICATED.
Religion in New France:
Priests in charge of parishes
Priests working as missionaries (convert Natives)
Nuns worked in hospitals (Church was in charge of hospitals)
Nuns worked in schools (Built by Church: find next gen. of priests & to teach Clergy's beliefs)
Potential priests trained in a seminary (only smartest boys).
Money to make this happen came from Church tax (tithe)
Most people = VERY religious -
Catholicism CONTINUED
Church plays key role in defining morraly acceptable behaviour.
Spreads its ideas by controlling education in the colony. They were the teachers & controlled the content. Marguerite Bourgeoys: Established the 1st school.
Artistic productions: impressions of religion (paintings, sculptures, etc.). -
The Independent Spirit & Adaptability of the Canadians
LIFE IN NEW FRANCE:
Habitants (settlers) had happy lives, but LOTS of work (care for crops, make clothes, fix tools, prepare for winter).
Since N.F. wasn't really developing, settlers became self-dependent.
Life differed from France, where had the very rich & massive numbers of poor/starving people.
In N.F., the people were autonomoous & by 1760 grew to become a distinct set of people: Canadiens.
No surprise these people remained here after British Conquest. -
The Independent Spirit & Adaptability of the Canadians CONTINUED
Nobility/Elite (Governor)
Middle Class/Bourgeoisie (Seigneurs)
Peasants/Habitants (Censitaires)
Why did this happen?
Distance from France: the King had less control.
Contact with the aboriginals: development of an independent spirit & sense of freedom. Many worked or lived with Natives. Voyageurs & Couriers de Bois chose their way of life. -
Period: to
British Rule
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Liberalism
A political or social philosophy supporting (advocating) the FREEDOM of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, non violent modification of political, social or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavour, and governenmental guarantees of RIGHTS & CIVIL LIBERTIES.
Diffusion of liberal ideas (newspapers)
Development of parliamentarism (system of parliamentary government)
Reflection of liberal ideas in architecture -
Ultramontanism (church in charge)
The policy of the party in the Roman Catholic Church that favours increasing & enhancing the power & authority of the pope. Publicly support absolute obedience to Catholic religion.
Church seeks to increase & extend its influence politically, socially, culturally, etc. -
Anticlericalism (NOT church in charge)
Opposed to the influence & activities of the clergy or the church in secular or public affairs. In opposition to ultramontanism.
Puclicly support the separation of church & state.
Promotion of a more democratic regime. -
Imperialism (Loyal to the Mother Country: England)
Policy of extending the rule or authoriy of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring & holding colonies.
Architectural influence.
Parliamentary political organization. EXAMPLE: Imperialists wanted to join in WWI because they were loyal to England. -
Basics of How the Government Functions
Constitutional Monarchy (Queen & Governor General only have symbolic power).
Parliamentary Democracy (laws must be passed through parliament, whose members are elected)
3 levels of Government: Federal (country), Provincial (province), Municipal (town).
Each lvl has 3 types of functions (CONTINUED). -
Basics of How the Government Functions CONTINUED
Executive: Makes decisions of administration. Power held by cabinet (federal).
Legislative: Makes or changes laws, and imposes taxes. Power held by House of Commons (federal).
Judicial: Ensures laws are applied. Judges are appointed by the cabinet for life (federal).
FEDERAL SYSTEM POSITIONS:
Head of State (Queen)
Governor General
Parliament-> Senate (Upper House)
House of Commons (Lower House)
Ministers
Government
Prime Minister
Cabinet
Opposition
Minority Government
Speaker
Courts -
Period: to
Contemporary Period
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Imperialism
DEFINITION IS IN THE OTHER IMPERIALISM EVENT (1763). Spreading of the British ideas (by imperialists) in NEWSPAPERS & stories.
Founding of the newspaper Le Devoir to protest AGAINST imperialism. -
Capitalism
Economic system in which investment in & ownership of the means of production, distribution & exchange of wealth is made & maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, especially as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth. Construction of buildings by capitalists who form part of our architectural heritage.
Diffusion of their ideas through mainstream press owned by businessmen.
Literary works that depict economic disparities (Les Plouffe). -
Capitalism CONTINUED
NOTES: As an individual, one can do what they want within legal rights. Government only has some say. Capitalists fight for themselves (ex: one can build a bakery next to another bakery). Free to do what one chooses. -
Socialism
A theory or sysem of social organization that supports the vesting of the ownership & control of the means of production & distribution of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.
QUESTIONING spread of CAPITALISM through labour movements, student movements & in independent magazines. -
Agriculturism
Supporting farmers/farming. Big supporter = Duplessis. Creation of community groups like Le Cercle des fermieres & spread of their ideas in magazines.
Valorisation of rural, community & parish life in novels. Farmers co-op: farmers agreed to sell food all for the same price (guarantees income: no one farmer can out-sell another). -
Nationalism
Devotion to one's own nation & its interests over those of all other nations (loyal only to your country).
Britain exercised imperialism by controlling colonies all over the world. Britain expected its colonies to obey & follow its rules, but not always the case.
In Canada, some people wanted to follow Britain & some did not.
French Canadian Nationalism: Didn't want to support Britain, wanted to protect French interests (language, rights, edu), views spread via newspapers (Le Devoir). -
Nationalism CONTINUED
English Canadian Nationalism: Liked the English way (language, politics), wanted to support Britain but wanted Canada to operate independently. NOTES: Don't want to support mother country (ex: Britain). They're loyal to the country they live in (ex: Nationalists living in Canada are loyal to Canada). -
Laicism
Nonclerical or secular control of political & social institutions in a society.
INFLUENCE OF CHURCH (Roman Catholic QC):
After 1837, bishops became more powerful, the cures became most important person in parish.
Church still in charge of registering births, marriages & deaths.
Controlling education to recruit people.
Orphanages, shelters, charities, religious festivals.
R.C. Church attendance was very high (to socialize). -
Laicism CONTINUED
Protestants were divided. Ministers still influential but not as powerful as R.C.
Protestant Universities (ex: McGill).
Denunciation by artists & intellectuals of the grip of the Catholic Church in all areas of society.
Development of a new style of artistic creation that more closely represented real life & that distance itself from a more traditional style imposed by Church. Church doesn't have much control anymore (loses its power over schools, hospitals, etc.). Separating church & state. -
Cooperatism (co-ops)
Birth of different groups who favoured EQUALITY & collaboration (EX: American unions like the Caisses populaires). NOTES: people in a co-op sold the same product for the same price (one person can't out-sell another). EXAMPLE: Every farmer in the co-op would sell wheat for the price: $5/pound. -
Fascism
The idea that a dictator (1 person) should control the entire country. Normally rule through the use of force/propaganda. Adopted in Spain & Italy, but brought to an extreme in Germany by the Nazi's lead by Hitler. Small-scale dissemination of fascist ideas. -
Feminism
Role:
Hard lives, married young, had lots of children (over 10 was normal).
Forced to do what their husbands said.
Long work days at home & some in factories.
Did the worst jobs.
Few rights (no vote), little education.
One escape attempt- become a nun
WWI - opened things up. While men were at war, women started working in factories & saw services as nurses. Obtained right to vote in Federal election (husband's ballad, not theirs). -
Feminism CONTINUED
Denunciation of the role of the Church in the oppression of women & of inequality with men. Claim for the same rights as men through plays. -
Americanism
Emergence of American cultural trends: dance (Charleston), music (jazz), & spread of American culture through films, radio & TV. To counter American influences, the Church spreads ideas of Catholic culture through music, media & education. Influence of American culture through the media. -
Neoliberalism
Don't want the government to influence. The community will decide for the community. Publicly supporting removal of the state (government) in various areas of society.
Active opposition to socialist groups wanting to maintain intervention of state. -
Aboriginalism
Claims for ancestral rights & recognition of aboriginal identity through tradition culture (writings, language, music, education, etc.).
NATIVE ISSUES:
1990, Mohawk warriors blocked roads on borders to their reserves in Oka, when a golf wanted to expand. Natives prepared militarily & Canadian Forces were called in to handle the situation.
Oka Crisis lasted 78 days, when stand-off ended with no armed conflict. Issues remained.
Charlottetown Accord was created to deal with these issues.
