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Period: Nov 2, 1500 to
Timespan for Culture and Currents of Thought
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Nov 9, 1500
The Spirituality of the First Occupants
The Shaman is both a priest and the "Medicine Man" in the First Occupant's belief system. Their spirituality is also known as Animism. They would share myths and legends based on their spirituality. The dreamcatcher, in their spiritual belief system, is seen as a sacred object and it is used to catch the nightmares and bad dreams and make them disappear. -
Nov 9, 1500
The Social Relationships of the First Occupants
There was a tremendous amount of respect for the elders in their society since they were viewed as the wisest. They had many traditions in their society and there was freedom of action. There were no written laws and there was such a thing as private property. -
Nov 9, 1500
Commmunication and Exchanges in the First Occupant's Culture
All of their exchanges and communications were done orally. They could not write and they did not have a written language. All of the stories, myths and legends were passed on and transmitted orally. They also composed many songs and choreographed dances. They had numerous ceremonies. -
Nov 9, 1500
Nature's Role in The Lives of the First Occupants
Their spirituality, known as animism, is based on the respect for nature. They believe that we need to respect nature and that all living things have souls. They also believe in the circle of life and its ties to nature. -
Catholicism in New France
The Church had a very powerful influence on New France's culture. One was pressured to obey whatever the Church decreed or face excommunication. It was bad to become excommunicated because no one would help you and no one would trade with you. The clergy was everywhere; the priests were in charge of parishes and they also worked as missionaries. The Nuns worked in hospitals and schools. Money for all these programs came from The Church tax known as tithe. Most people were religious. -
King Louis the 14th
King Louis the 14th had total power due to the Divine Right of Kings. He was gaining control in Europe but his colony in New France suffered due to the undeveloped economy and population. The colony was also dealing with numerous attacks from the Iroquois. Therefore, the King sent a regiment of soldiers to protect the colony and he ended the economic monolpoly and placed New France under the Minister of Marine. -
The End of Mercantilism
The Minister of Marine, who was Jean-Baptiste Colbert at the time, decided with King Louis the 14th to place the Royal Government into power in 1663. The Royal Government put an end to Mercantilism. -
Imperialism in Canada during the British Regime
Imperialism is the policy of lengthening the rule or power of an empire or nation over foreign countries and land, or of acquiring and holding colonies. In Canada, there was large architectural influence from Britain and there was parliamentary political organisation in the colony. -
Liberalism
Liberalism is a social and political philosophy that advocates for the freedom of individuals, the parlimentary system, nonviolent alteration to social, political or economic institutions to make sure there is unrestricted development in all aspects of human effort and governmental assurances of individual rights and civil liberties. The Canadians communicated liberal ideas through newspapers and there was a large development of parliamentarism. -
Ultramontanism in Canada
Ultramontanism is the policy of the party that is affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church. This policy favours increasing and enhancing the power of authority that the pope has. This policy advocates for the obedience to the Catholic religion and for the church to extend their authority to all aspects of life. -
Anticlericalism in Canada
Anticlericalism is opposed to the influence and actions of the clergy or the church in secular, communal or governmental affairs. It is directly opposing ultramontanism and it stands for the seperation of church and state. It also promotes a more democratic regime. -
Capitalism in Canada
Capitalism can be described as private property and the gaining of profit for individuals or companies. In Canada, there have been construction of buildings by capitalists which form part of the architectural heritage. There was transmission of ideas by mainstream press which is owned by businessmen. There have also been many literary works depicting economic disparities. For example, Bonheur d'occasion and les Plouffes are French literary works written about economic disparities. -
Imperialism in Canada during the Contemporary Period
After the British Regime was over, there were still some British imperialists who lived in Canada. They would spread their ideas in newspapers and stories. The newspaper Le Devoir was founded to protest against Imperialism. -
Nationalism in Canada
Nationalism is the adoration and adherence to one's own nation and its interests over those of other nations. Britain exerted Imperialism by regulating a large number of colonies all over the world. Along with the other coutries, they built large empires. Britain expected its colonies to adhere to and follow mandates although this wasn’t always the case. In Canada, some wanted to follow the British but others did not -
French Canadian Nationalism
They did not want to back Britain and they wanted to protect French interests which were language, education and rights. These views were spread through newspapers such as Le Devoir. -
English Canadian Nationalism
The English Canadian nationalists favoured the English way in terms of language and politics. They wanted to support Britain but they wanted Canada to operate autonomously. -
Feminim in Canada
Women had hard lives. They were married young, they were controlled by their husbands and they produced many children (over 10 was the norm). There were long days of work in their homes or, for some, in factories. Women usually had the worst jobs and they had few rights and little education. An alternative could have been to become a nun. World War 1 gave many women oppurtunities to work in factories while the men were at war. Women got the right to vote in the federal election in 1918. -
Americanism in Canada
There was an emergence of American cultural trends in Canada like dance (charleston), music (jazz) and American culture transmitted through films, radio, television and media. To oppose American influences, the church transmitted ideas of traditional Catholic culture through music, media and education. -
Socialism in Canada
Socialism is a theory or system of social organization that advocates the distribution of capital, land, etc., all together as a community. They would work together as a community and do what was best for themselves and not for the government. Socialists would question and protest the spread of capitalism through labour movements, student movements and in independent magazines. -
Agriculturalism in Canada
Agriculturalism was the support system for farmers and the farming lifestyle. In Canada, there was valorisation of rural, communal and parish life in novels such as Un homme et son péché, Maria Chapdeleine, Le Survenant, Menaud, Maître Draveur, etc.There was creation of community groups such as Le Cercle des fermières and transmission of their ideas in different magazines. -
Neoliberalism in Canada
Neoliberalism advocates for the removal of the state in different aspects of society. Neoliberalists actively opposed socialist groups who wanted to maintain the involvement of the state. -
Neo-nationalism in Canada
Neo-nationalism was a new wave of canadian nationalism that started in the 1960s. This particular sort of nationalism was spread by artists such as Gilles Vigneault, Félix Leclerc, Paul Piché, Les Séguins, Harmonium, Beau Dommage, etc. -
Laicism in Canada
Laicism is the secular control of political and social institutions in society. After 1837 the bishops had gained more and more authority and the cures became the most important people in the parishes. The church was still in charge of registering births, marriages and deaths and running orphanages, shelters, charities and religious festivals. However, the artists and intellectuals denounced the church's involvement in all aspects of life. -
Aboriginalism in Canada
Aboriginalism is the claims for ancestral rights and the perception of aboriginal identity through tradition and culture (writings, language, music, education, etc). -
The Oka Crisis
In the summer of 1990 Mohawk soldiers set up road blocks on the boundary lines of their reserve in Oka just outside of Montreal, when a golf course wanted to extend its 9 holes onto the native land. The native's militarily organized themselves and the Canadian Forces were called in to deal with the issue. The Oka crisis endured 78 days, when the stand-off finally came to an end without armed conflict. However, the problem remained.The Charlottetown Accord was created to deal with these issues.
