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Ellen Langer: (1947-) Mindful Learning
Learning requires mindful engagement with content. Noticing distinctions, the novel within the familiar, and the familiar within the novel. Argues for thoughtful reflections. Ellen Langer studied mindlessness in the beginning for many years before she realized that think differently sometimes. Do not see things the same way. She believes that everyday you must see something new in your environment. Don't look at your surroundings the same way you did yesterday. -
Constructivism Theory - John Dewy; Experiential Learning
Encourages hands-on collaborative activities and project. He believes in the involvement of the learner rather than being spoon fed with all the information which stunts his/her development capacity -
Experiential Learning
Hi assertion further believes in the development of reflective, creative, responsible thought as primary aim of education. The learner's capacity to develop further is enhanced by fact finding and exploration of the subject matter -
Jerome Brunner: (1915 – 2016) Learning is an active process that adds to the learner's knowledge - discovery and problem solving
He postulated the concept of scaffolding, designing experiences to match learners state of readiness – encourages option and personalization, relationship with learners. Learners have their own choices of how to relate with fellow learners -
Jean Piaget: (1896 – 1980) Stage theory of child development
He suggests how reasoning ability develops. Learning occurs with two processes: assimilation & accommodation, it requires active use of content and time for processing -
K. Anders Ericsson: (1947-) Need for deliberate practice to acquire expertise
He is known for the infamous 10 000 hours. He maintains that practice must goal directed for one to achieve the status of being an expert -
Albert Bandura: (1925-) Social learning theory
He contends that we learn by observing others. He suggests the use of models, case studies, examples etc. self-efficacy, belief in oneself to take appropriate action. He suggests learning is attitudinal as well as cognitive growth -
Jean Lave: (1939-) Social learning theory
Learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context. It includes elements of observation, extraction of ideas and decision-making. He suggests that need for observation, reflection and decision-making occurs in a social setting. Learners observe each other in a classroom situation and they formulate their own ideas after having learnt from others -
Daniel Goleman: (1947-) Theory of Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence can mean ability to regulate emotions in self and others. Argues to include dimensions of feeling and attitude in learning situations. He draws a distinction between emotional intelligence as a trait which is fundamental part of one's personality and as an ability which is acquired. He referred to the elements of self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation social skill and empathy which he contends can all be acquired whilst one is learning. -
John Seely Brown: (1940 -) Theory of cognitive apprenticeship
In his thinking he promotes a practical approach that analyse the problem and come up with an appropriate solution. This he believes, is achieved through collective ideas in a collaborative way. He advocated community and collaborative work. Learners can learn better if they collaborate in doing projects instead of working individually. -
Roger Schank: (1946-) Schema Theory
He suggests scripts, plans, mental models to describe knowledge structure. He also advocates the use of contexts, patterns and relationships
