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Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada
a viloent uprising broke out in Upper and Lower Canada. -
William Lyon Mackenzie
He led the insurrections in Upper Canada. Mackenzie proclaimed the public of Upper Canada. -
Durham Report
Lord Durham's recommendations were:
-bringing together Upper and Lower Canada
-assimilation of the French-speaking population.
-responsible government, dominated by the English inhabitants of the Canadas.
-colonial control of internal affairs (but in a very limited sense). -
United Province of Canada is formed
Act of Union
-new province's capital would be Kingston
-English was the offical langauge of the Assembly
-united colony would assume the debts of Upper Canada
-42 from Upper Canada and 42 from Lower Canada
-arrangement did not set well with Lower Canada as they did not have a debt -
Lord Elgin signs the Rebellion Losses Bill
-huge amounts of money was to be paid to people in Lower Canada whose property had been damaged during the rebellion.
-this included damages to house, barns, livestock, fences and personal property.
-the Parliament Buildings were burnt. -people also feared that the rebels and loyalists would also be paid for their loses.
-Elgin did not think that the bill was wise.
-Tories threatened Lord Elgin if he signed it
-after signing the bill Lord Elgin was attacked but with minor injury. -
Reciprocity Treaty is signed with the U.S
-treaty eliminated customs tariffs
-governed the rights of American and British North American fishermen, raw materials, and agricultural commodities
-agreement with the United States gave the business class an outlet for its products
-1865: the American government announced that the treaty would not be renewed, and it ended in 1866 -
Gradual Civilization Act is passed
-goverment of Province of Canada passed the Gradual Civilization Act.
-Aboriginal Peoples had to join another culture and to give up their own language and traditions - in other words; Assimilate.
-if a citizen of Britian, they would have none of the treaty rights or protected status of the First Nations.
-Victorians thought Aboriginals were uncivliized and childlike.
-as most culture was lost, Elders kept alive mant tradions and ora histories. -
Colony of British Columbia is created.
-British government passed a law establishing the Crown Colony of British Columbia and offered the governorship of the colony to James Douglas.
-government cancelled the Hudson’s Bay Company -
American Civil War ends
-Hudson's Bay Company could be annexed to Canada and therefore denied to the United States.
-Americans had invaved Canada twice during the American Revolution
-United States would be less likely to invade a united, sovereign country. -
Great Coalition if formed
-Sandfield Macdonald was called to form the next government when he refused, and the Governor turned to Étienne-Paschal Taché.
-Étienne-Paschal Taché had left politics and George-Étienne Cartier's intervention was necessary before he accepted the Governor's offer.
-to create a coalition of all Canadian political parties to reform the political system: George Brown, the Clear Grits in Canada West, the Parti Bleu in Canada East, and the Conservatives -
Charlottetown Conference takes place
- Maritime colonies had to plan a conference for the Canadians to attend, this was for them to appoint their own delegates. -it was decided to hold meetings on September 1, 1864 in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island -there exists little or no public record of what was said during these meetings althought, it is known that George-Étienne Cartier and John A. Macdonald presented the arguments in favour of union.
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Quebec Conference is held
-was the second conference that lead to creation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867
-governor Monck was asked to invite representatives from the three Maritime colonies and Newfoundland
-proposed the foundations for a new country: preservation of ties with Great Britain; residual jurisdiction left to a central authority; a bicameral system including a Lower House with representation by population -
Canada becomes a Dominion
-New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada were proclaimed the Dominion of Canada
-John A. Macdonald is the first prime minister.
-Upper Canada was called Ontario and Lower Canada was called Quebec.
-was the start of a change, more provinces came into play -
The London Conference
-smaller conference than Charolettetown and Quebec
-decision of Canada's name, Ontario and Quebec
-the bill was simmited to the Queen, Feburary 11, 1867 -
Manitoba
-government ignored the land claims of the more than 100,000 Aboriginals and Métis who lived in the region
-Prime Minister Macdonald realized that a military response was impossible
-would not be taken from the Métis, and a large section of land was reserved for them
-there was a provision for denominational schools
-French was to be a language of debate -
Northwest Territories
- Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory were bought by Canada -Territories were renamed, The Northwest Territories -covered a huge area -most of the people who live in the Territories are First Nations and Inuit -1975: the people were allowed to vote for all the council members that govern the Northwest Territories. -The Northwest Territories is not a province, so it does not have the same powers
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The Joining of British Columbia
-BC felt isolated from the rest of Canada
-Willaim Smith was elected to Vancouvers Assembly and became leader of Opposition
-1869: the British government was taking an active role in prodding British Columbia toward union with Canada
-Sir Anthony Musgrave,mainland colony's new governor, was appointed with instructions to make Confederation happen
-railway was offered to BC -
Alberta and Saskatchewan
-Saskatchewan became Canada's third largest province
-Alberta became the fifth largest
-Western Canada was transformed into an agricultural land base -
Newfoundland
-was the tenth province to join Canda
-years before Newfoundland refused Confederation and wanted to be it's own country
-experienced social and economic changes that raised the people's expectations of a higher standard of living -
Nunavut Territory
-last territory to join Canada
-encompasses the traditional lands of the Inuit, the indigenous peoples of Arctic Canada
-constitutes the greater part of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, including its largest island, Baffin Island
