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Hilary Putnam (July 31, 1926 - March 13, 2016)
In 1961, Hilary Putnam introduced the theory-ladenness of observation through a paper called "The Corroboration". He then built on the theory later on through a book called "Philosophy of Logic". The theory-ladenness is essentially the idea that what a individual observes is affected by different beliefs and theories that individual has instead of everyone observing the same thing. Putnam, H. (1971). Philosophy of Logic. Harper & Row. -
Hilary Putnam (July 31, 1926 - March 13, 2016)
In 1981, Hilary Putnam proposed the casual theory of reference in his book "Reason, Truth, and History". The causal theory of reference is essentially the idea that the name of something doesn't need to directly reflect the actual object or entity it is attached to. Putnam, H. (1981). Reason, Truth and History. Cambridge University Press. -
Hilary Putnam (July 31, 1926 - March 13, 2016)
In 1987, Hilary Putnam released a book called "The Many Faces of Realism" where he created the idea of internal realism where he basically rejected the idea of "God's Eye Point of View". Internal realism was a idea that Putnam held regarding truth being attached to epistemically constraint and conceptual relativism. Putnam, H. (1987). The Many Faces of Realism. Open Court. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLrVxNlUxBo -
Hilary Putnam (July 31, 1926 - March 13, 2016)
In 2002, Hilary Putnam challenged the ideas of traditional distinction between facts and values. He stated this in his book "The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy and Other Essays." He states that all language is inherently normative and facts are always mediated by values. Putnam, H. (2002). The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy and Other Essays. Harvard University Press.