-
San Felipe de Austin
In 1812, Stephen Austin had led the 1st of the 7 groups of American to a fertile area along the Brazos River where we were drawn to the promises of inexpensive land and economic opportunity. Moses Stephen had land between the Brazos and Colorado Rivers but died. Austin (Son) later gain permission from Spain and Mexico to carry out his father’s project. By 1825 he had issued 297 grants where each family got their own inexpensive acres of farmland.. By 1830, there were 20,000+ people. -
Missouri Compromise 1820-1821
In 1818, settlers requested admission to the Union whether it could be a free state or a slave state. President James Monroe; president, Congress passed series of terms where in 1820-1821 the Missouri Compromise was made. Under these terms, Maine was a free state and Missouri as a slave state. The rest of the Louisiana Territory was split into 2 parts. The dividing line was set at 36°30 north latitude. South of the line, slavery was legal. North of the line (except Missouri) slavery was banned. -
Harriet Tubman
The most famous conductors was Harriet Tubman,
born a slave in Maryland in 1820 or 1821. In 1849, after Tubman’s owner died, she heard rumors that she was about to be sold. Fearing his possibility, Tubman decided to make a break for freedom and succeeded in reaching Philadelphia. Shortly after passage of the Fugitive Slave Act, Tubman resolved to become a conductor on the Underground Railroad. In all, she made 19 trips back to the South and is said to have helped 300 slaves flee to freedom. -
Santa Fe Trails
Santa Fe Trails is one of the busiest routes which stretches 780 miles from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe in the Mexican province of New Mexico. Each Spring from 1821 through the 1860s, American Traders at Santa Fe loaded their covered wagons with goods, restocked their animals, and headed back to Missouri. The only drawback of using this route is that after about 150 miles, the traders had fear of attacks from the Native American groups of up to 100 wagons. -
Stephen F. Austin does to jail
In 1821, Stephen F. Austin led the first of several groups of American settlers to a fertile area along the Brazos River. Drawn by the promise of inexpensive land and economic opportunity, Austin established a colony of American settlers in Tejas, or Texas, then the northernmost province of the Mexican state of Coahuila. However, Austin’s plans didn’t work out as well as he had hoped; 12 years later, he found himself in a Mexican prison and his new homeland in an uproar. -
Mexico Abolishes Slavery
Despite peaceful cooperation between Anglos and
Tejanos, differences over cultural issues increased between Anglos and the Mexican government. The overwhelmingly Protestant Anglo settlers spoke English instead of Spanish. Furthermore, many of the settlers were Southerners,who had brought slaves with them to Texas. Mexico, which had abolished slavery in 1829, insisted in vain that the Texans free their slaves. -
Abolition
Forten’s unwavering belief that he was an American not only led him to oppose colonization but also pushed him fervently to oppose slavery. Forten was joined in his opposition to slavery by a growing number of Americans in the 19th century. Abolition, the movement to abolish slavery, became the most important of a series of reform movements in America. -
Nat Turners's Rebellion
Some slaves rebelled against their condition of bondage. One of the most prominent rebellions was led by Virginia slave Nat Turner. In August 1831, Turner and more than 50 followers attacked four plantations and killed about 60 whites. Whites eventually captured and executed many members of the group, including Turner.Turner rebellion frightened and outraged slaveholders. In some states, people argued that the only way to prevent slave revolts was through emancipation. -
The Liberator
William Lloyd Garrison became the editor of antislavery paper in 1828. Three years later he established his own paper, The Liberator, to deliver an uncompromising demand: immediate emancipation of slaves, that had been supported for that position had been limited in 1830s. Whites who opposed abolition hated Garrison. In 1835, Boston mob paraded him through town at the end of a rope. Garrison enjoyed widespread black support; 3 out of four early subscribers to The Liberator were Blacks. -
Oregon Trails
The Oregon Trail stretched from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon City. It was blazed by 2 Methodist missionaries named Marcu & Narcissa Whitman. By driving their wagon as far as Fort Boise, they proved that wagons could travel on the Oregon Trail. Following the Whitmans’ lead, pioneers migrated west on the Oregon Trail. Some took “prairie schooners,” wagons covered w/ sailcloth and pulled by oxen. Most walked pushing handcarts loaded with a precious stuff, food, and other supplies. -
Texas Revolution
Rebellion in which Texas gained its independence from Mexico in 1836 -
Manifest Destiny
In 1840, expansion gripped the Americans to move westward into Pacific Ocean and Mexico, Native Americans' territories. Most people moved Westward because of some personal economic problems. They believed that moving west was destiny and "manifest." -
Texas enters United States
In March 1845, angered by U.S.-Texas negotiation on annexation, the Mexican government recalled its ambassador from Washington. On December 29, 1845,Texas entered the Union. Events moved quickly toward war. Also Texas was a slave state and thanks to the Westward Expansion they were favored. -
Mexican-American War
This war started in 1846-1848 where it was all about fighting for land. This ignited thanks to the idea of "Manifest Destiny" that led tensions to rise in Mexico. Also it would be because of winning for independence and converting others to Catholicism. -
The North Star
Douglass broke with Garrison, who believed
that abolition justified whatever means were necessary to achieve it. In 1847, Douglass began his own antislavery newspaper. He named it The North Star, after the star that guided runaway slaves to freedom. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo
American troops in Mexico, led by U.S. generals Zachary Taylor & Winfield Scott, scored 1 military victory after another. After about a year, Mexico lost. On February 2,1848, the U.S and Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Mexico agreed to the Rio Grande as the border between Texas and Mexico and ceded the New Mexico and California territories to the U.S.. The U.S. agreed to pay $15 million for the Mexican cession. -
Compromise of 1850
After obtaining support of the powerful Massachusetts senator Daniel Webster, Clay presented to the Senate a series of resolutions later called the Compromise of 1850. To please the North, the compromise provided that California be admitted to the Union as a free state. To please the South, the compromise proposed a new and more effective fugitive slave law. To placate both sides, a provision allowed popular sovereignty, the right to vote for or against slavery. -
Fugitive Slave Act
Numbers of Northern Free-Soilers supported racist laws prohibiting
settlement by blacks in their communities and denying them the right to vote.They feared that such competition would drive down wages. Free-Soilers detected a dangerous pattern in such events as the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act and the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. They were convinced that a conspiracy existed on the part of the “diabolical slave power” to spread slavery throughout the United States. -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe published her novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which stressed that slavery was not just a political contest, but also a great moral struggle. As a young girl, Stowe had watched boats filled with people on their way to be sold at slave markets. Uncle Tom’s Cabin expressed her lifetime hatred of slavery. The book stirred Northern abolitionists to increase their protests against the Fugitive Slave Act, while Southerners criticized the book as an
attack on the South. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Nebraska in the north and Kansas in the south. If passed, the bill would repeal the Missouri Compromise and establish popular sovereignty for both territories. Congressional debate was bitter. Some Northern congressmen saw the bill as part of a plot to turn the territories into slave states.Southerners strongly defended the proposed legislation. After months of struggle, the Kansas-Nebraska Act became law in 1854 -
Dread Scott v. Standford
Dread Scott was a Slave's master .Scott believed that because he had lived in free territory, he should be free. In 1854 he sued in federal court for his freedom. The court ruled against
him, and he appealed to the Supreme Court. -
John Brow's Raid/ Harpers Ferry
The abolitionist John Brown was studying the slave uprisings. He believed that the time was ripe for similar uprisings in the United States. Brown secretly obtained financial backing from several prominent Northern abolitionists. On the night of October 16, 1859, he led a band of 21 men, black and white, into Harpers Ferry, Virginia. His aim was to seize the federal arsenal there and start a general slave uprising. -
Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas Debate
To counteract Douglas, Lincoln challenged the man known as the “Little Giant” to a series of debates on the issue of slavery in the territories. Douglas believed deeply in popular sovereignty. Lincoln, believed that slavery was immoral. As for Lincoln, his
attacks on the “vast moral evil” of slavery drew national
attention, and some Republicans began thinking of him as an
excellent candidate for the presidency in 1860. He won, -
Conscription
As the fighting intensified, heavy casualties and widespread desertions led each side to impose conscription, a draft that forced men to serve in the army. In the North, conscription led to draft riots, the most violent of which took place in New York City. Sweeping changes occurred in the wartime economies of both sides as well as in the roles played by African Americans and women. -
Abraham Lincoln becomes President
As the 1860 presidential election approached, the Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln appeared to be moderate
in his views. Although he pledged to halt the further spread of slavery, he also tried to reassure Southerners that a Republican administration would not “interfere with their slaves, or with them, about their slaves.” Nonetheless, many Southerners viewed him as an enemy. -
Formation of the Confederacy
President Lincoln victory lead to the formation of the Confederacy. Mississippi soon followed South Carolina’s lead, as did Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. In February 1861, delegates from the secessionist states met in Montgomery, Alabama, where they formed the Confederate States of America, or Confederacy. -
Attack on Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter in Charleston was made same time as the Confederacy. Lincoln didn't abandon it but sent supplies to soldiers. It was a deadly struggle between North and South. -
Underground Railroad
Started in 1821-1861 where slaves uses this road to escape from slavery. It meant avoiding patrols of armed men on horseback and struggling through forests and across rivers. Often it meant going without food for days at a time.“Conductors” on the routes hid fugitives in secret tunnels and false cupboards, provided them with food and clothing, and escorted or directed them to the next “station.” Once fugitives reached the North they can either sat or go to Canada. -
Battle of Vicksburg
1862-1863 fought between winters we had won victory in Vicksburg. Vicksburg itself was particularly important because it rested on bluffs above the river from which guns could control all water traffic. Grant and his troops rushed to Vicksburg, hoping to take the city while the rebels were reeling from their losses.
Grant ordered two frontal attacks on Vicksburg, neither of which succeeded. The Union had achieved another of its major military objectives, and the Confederacy was cut in 2. -
Emancipation Proclamation
The proclamation did not free any slaves immediately because it applied only to areas behind Confederate lines, outside Union control. Nevertheless, for many, the proclamation gave the war a moral purpose by turning the struggle into a fight to free the slaves. It also ensured that compromise was no longer possible. -
Battle of the Bull
The first bloodshed on the battlefield occurred about three months after Fort Sumter fell. The battle was a seesaw affair.The Union army gained the upper hand, but the Confederates held firm, Confederate reinforcements helped win the first Southern victory. Fortunately for the Union, the Confederates were too exhausted to follow up their victory with an attack on Washington.Many Confederate soldiers, confident that the war was over, left the army and went home. -
Income Tax
The Confederacy soon faced a food shortage due to the drain of manpower into the army, the Union occupation of food-growing areas, and the loss of enslaved field workers. Food prices skyrocketed, and the inflation rate rose 7,000 percent. Also industries were blooming where wages were terrible. As the Northern economy grew,Congress decided to help pay for the war by collecting the nation’s first income tax, a tax that takes a specified percentage of an individual’s income. -
Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg began on July 1 when Confederate soldiers led by A. P. Hill encountered several brigades of Union cavalry under the command of John Buford, an experienced officer from Illinois.It was a defeat for the Confederacy on the third day of battle. It was because Lee's command failed. -
Battle of Antietam
The clash proved to be the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with casualties totaling more than 26,000. The next day, instead of pursuing the battered Confederate army into Virginia and possibly ending the war, McClellan did nothing. As a result,
Lincoln removed him from command. -
Gettysburg Address
A ceremony was held to dedicate a cemetery in Gettysburg. There, President Lincoln spoke for a little more than two minutes. According to some contemporary historians, Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address “remade America.” The speech helped the country to realize that it was not just a collection of individual states; it was one unified nation. -
Sherman's March
Sherman began his march southeast through Georgia to the sea, creating a wide path of destruction. His army burned almost every house in its path and destroyed livestock and railroads. Sherman was determined to make Southerners sick of wars and take out Lee. And help Grant. -
Surrender At Appomattox Court House
In Virginia town called Appomattox,Lee and Grant met at a private home to arrange a Confederate surrender. At Lincoln’s request, the terms were generous. Grant paroled Lee’s soldiers and sent them
home with their possessions and three days’ worth of rations. Officers were permitted to keep their side arms. Within a month all remaining Confederate resistance collapsed. After four long years, the Civil War was over. -
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln dies on 15 because he couldn't regain consciousness. The assassin was John Wilkes Booth killed him in the Ford's Theater in his presidential box. He probably killed him because he dislike how he ended slavery. -
13th Amendment
Thirteenth Amendment was ratified at the end of 1865. The U.S. Constitution now stated, “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States.”
