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Every slave counts as a third of a person, or every five slaves counts as three people- used to balance out the states' populations.
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Began using single-member districts.
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Described women's grievances and demands, and called on women to fight for their Constitutionally guaranteed right to equality as U.S. citizens.
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Declared that slaves were not citizens of the United States, and could not sue in federal courts.
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This amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
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Granted citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States", which includes former slaves.
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Allowed African American men to vote by saying the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
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This case upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality- separate but equal.
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A civil rights organization that focused on advancing justice for African Americans.
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33,000 women serve as nurses in World War II and support staff officially in the military and more than 400 nurses die in the line of duty.
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Prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex.
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This case overturned the Texas state law that authorized the Democratic Party to set its internal rules, including the use of white primaries.
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An executive order that abolished discrimination based on on the basis of race, color, religion or national origin" in the United States Armed Forces.
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The Court decided that Mexican Americans and all other racial and national groups in the United States had equal protection under the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
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The Supreme Court ruled that American state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional- undoing Plessy v. Ferguson and Scott v. Sandford.
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9 African American students enrolled at Little Rock Central High School where they initially weren't allowed to enter- led to Cooper v. Aaron.
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Aimed to provide for the legal equality of the sexes and prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex
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It prohibited both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax.
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makes discrimination based on race, color, sex, religion, or national origin illegal.
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Aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment.
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Chavez and a group of strikers marched the 340 path from Delano to Sacremento.- UFW
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An American feminist organization.
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Said that Congress could regulate the sale of private property to prevent racial discrimination- enforced the 13th Amendment.
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A national non-profit civil rights organization formed to protect the rights of Latinos.
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A series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place at the Stonewall Inn.
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The Supreme Court ruled that the administrators of estates cannot be named in a way that discriminates between sexes.
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Won the 2/3 vote in the House of Representatives first, then the Senate.
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"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."
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Supreme Court determined that statutory or administrative sex under the Equal Protection Clause.
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The first United States Supreme Court case which the bona fide occupational qualifications defense was used.
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the Supreme Court of the United States struck down both a state statute denying funding for education to undocumented immigrant children and a municipal school district's attempt to charge an annual $1,000 tuition fee for each student to compensate for lost state funding.
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Amends the Revised Statutes of the United States to declare that all persons within U.S. jurisdiction shall have the same right to take certain actions, including making and enforcing contracts, as is enjoyed by male citizens.
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It was unconstitutional under the Massachusetts Constitution to allow only opposite-sex couples to marry.
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The official United States policy on military service by gays, bisexuals, and lesbians- don't reveal your orientation of you are not heterosexual.
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The Supreme Court held that restricting U.S. federal interpretation of "marriage" and "spouse" to apply only to opposite-sex unions, by Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act is unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause.
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The Supreme Court ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
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A case in the Supreme Court that dealt with whether owners of public accommodations can refuse certain services based on the First Amendment claims of free speech and free exercise of religion, and therefore be granted an exemption from laws ensuring non-discrimination in public accommodation.
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Defined marriage for federal purposes as the union of one man and one woman, and allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages- called unconstitutional.
