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13th amendment
Passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6, 1865, the 13th amendment abolished slavery in the United States and provides that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted -
14th amendment
The 14th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified on July 9, 1868, and granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed -
15th amendment
Passed by Congress February 26, 1869, and ratified February 3, 1870, the 15th amendment granted African American men the right to vote -
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Poll taxes
Poll taxes enacted in Southern states between 1889 and 1910 had the effect of disenfranchising many blacks as well as poor whites, because payment of the tax was a prerequisite for voting. -
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Jim crow laws
The Jim Crow laws were racial segregation state and local laws enacted after the Reconstruction period in Southern United States -
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Literacy Tests
administering tests to prospective voters purportedly to test their literacy in order to vote. In practice, these tests were intended to not allow African-Americans to vote -
PLESSY v. FERGUSON
Is Louisiana's law mandating racial segregation on its trains an unconstitutional infringement on both the privileges and immunities and the equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment? -
19th Amendment
he 19th amendment granted women the right to vote. -
KOREMATSU v. UNITED STATES
Did the President and Congress go beyond their war powers by implementing exclusion and restricting the rights of Americans of Japanese descent? -
SWEATT v. PAINTER
Did the Texas admissions scheme violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment -
BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION
Does the segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race deprive the minority children of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment? -
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott, a seminal event in the U.S. Civil Rights Movement, was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama -
24th amendment
On January 23, 1964, the United States ratified the 24th Amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting any poll tax in elections for federal officials -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin -
Affirmative action
the policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who suffer from discrimination within a culture -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
prohibits racial discrimination in voting -
Robert F. Kennedy Remarks on the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr
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REED v. REED
Did the Idaho Probate Code violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment? -
REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA v. BAKKE
Did the University of California violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, by practicing an affirmative action policy that resulted in the repeated rejection of Bakke's application for admission to its medical school? -
Equal Rights Amendment
The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal rights for women -
BOWERS v. HARDWICK
Does the Constitution confer a fundamental right upon homosexuals to engage in consensual sodomy, thereby invalidating the laws of many states which make such conduct illegal? -
Americans with Disabilities Act
The ADA is a wide-ranging civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability -
LAWRENCE v. TEXAS
Do the criminal convictions of John Lawrence and Tyron Garner under the Texas "Homosexual Conduct" law, which criminalizes sexual intimacy by same-sex couples, but not identical behavior by different-sex couples, violate the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee of equal protection of laws? Do their criminal convictions for adult consensual sexual intimacy in the home violate their vital interests in liberty and privacy protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment? Should Bowers v. H -
FISHER v. UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS
Does the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment permit the consideration of race in undergraduate admissions decisions? -
Indiana gay marriage
The decision marks the latest development in a week of court rulings that legalized same-sex marriage in Indiana before banning it again three days later.
