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Plessy vs. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson was an 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine. The case was brought about when Homer Plessy refused to sit in a Jim Crow car. He went before Judge John H. Ferguson of the Criminal Court for New Orleans, who upheld the state law.
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/plessy-v-ferguson -
Brown vs. Topeka board of education
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a1954 Supreme Court case that ruled racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. Oliver Brown filed a class-action suit against the Board of Education of Topeka in 1951, after his daughter, Linda Brown, was denied entrance to Topeka’s all-white elementary schools.
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka -
The Murder of Emmett Till
14-year-old Emmett Till, an African American from Chicago, is brutally murdered for allegedly flirting with a white woman four days earlier.the white woman’s husband and her brother—made Emmett carry a 75-pound cotton-gin fan to the bank of the and ordered him to take off his clothes. The men then beat him nearly to death, gouged out his eye, shot him in the head and then threw his body into the river. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-death-of-emmett-till -
Rosa Parks/ Montgomery bus boycott
Montgomery bus boycott was a 13-month mass protest that ended with the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that segregation on public buses is unconstitutional.
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/montgomery-bus-boycott -
The Little Rock Nine
This was a group of nine black students who enrolled at formerly all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in September 1957. -
Greensboro four
African-American students staged a sit-in at a segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, and refused to leave after being denied service. The sit-in movement spread to college towns throughout the South. Many of the protesters were arrested for trespassing, disorderly conduct or disturbing the peace, their actions made an immediate and lasting impact, forcing establishments to change their segregationist policies.
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/the-greensboro-sit-in -
James Meredith/University of Mississippi
James Meredith, an African American man, attempted to enroll at the all-white University of Mississippi in 1962. Chaos soon broke out on the Ole Miss campus, with riots ending in two dead, hundreds wounded and many others arrested.
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/ole-miss-integration -
Murder of Medgar Evers
In the driveway outside his home in, African American civil rights leader, Medgar Evers, is shot to death by white supremacist. After a funeral in Jackson, he was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia. President John F. Kennedy and other leaders publicly condemned the killing. In 1964, the first trial of suspect ended with a deadlock by an all-white jury, sparking protests. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/medgar-evers-assassinated -
1963 March on Washington
The March on Washington was a massive protest march that occurred in August 1963, when some 250,000 people gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. Also known as the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the event aimed to draw attention to continuing challenges and inequalities faced by African Americans a century after emancipation
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/march-on-washington -
Birmingham Church Bombing
a bomb exploded before Sunday morning services at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama—a church with a predominantly black congregation that also served as a meeting place for civil rights leaders. Four girls were killed in the bombing. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-act -
The Murders of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner
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Voting Rights of 1965
signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/voting-rights-act -
Loving vs. Virginia
Loving v. Virginia was a Supreme Court case that struck down state laws banning interracial marriage in the United States. https://www.history.com/topics/loving-v-virginia -
Allan Bakke Case
After being denied admission to California medical school, Bakke claimed that he was a victim of reverse discrimination, and his case has been considered by many as the most important civil rights decision since the end of segregation—and also one of the most difficult ever heard by the Supreme Court.
https://kansaspress.ku.edu/978-0-7006-1046-4.html
