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13th Amendment (African American Movement)
This amendment abolished slavery in the United States and was important because it finally got rid of it even after the Emancipation Proclamation which only abolished it in 11 states of the Confederacy. However, it was still allowed as a punishment for crime. -
14th Amendment (African American Movement)
This amendment granted the right of citizenship to freed slaves, due process of law, and equal protection of the law. Because of the equal protection clause, this amendment is most often used out of others, especially in court cases of citizenship. -
15th Amendment (African American Movement)
This amendment granted voting rights to African Americans, specifically males, which is important because at this time women did not have voting rights at all. -
Plessy vs. Ferguson (African American Movement)
A court case that ruled segregation was legal as long as facilities had equal opportunities for both races. This became known as the phrase "separate but equal". For example, this could mean having separate school facilities for public education but those of equal quality. -
NAACP Created (African American Movement)
NAACP is the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which was formed by activists due to violence against African Americans. The goal of this organization is to gain justice for colored people and to end discrimination completely. -
19th Amendment (Women's Movement)
This amendment was passed in order to give women voting rights. After a long, difficult effort by empowering women in the United States to gain equality in political representation. -
Executive Order 9981 (African American Movement)
This order abolished discrimination based on race, color, religion, and national origin, and also ended segregation in public services such as military or politics. This order was issued by Harry Truman. However, even though this order got rid of discrimination on paper, within society it was still a major ongoing issue. -
Brown vs. Board of Education (African American Movement)
This court case ruled that racial segregation was not constitutional even if it was equal, which basically contradicts the Plessy vs. Ferguson court case ruling from 1896. Despite facilities being equal in quality, the court case ruled it as unconstitutional. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott (African American Movement)
This event occurred in Alabama, and included a political and social protest against the segregation in public transport, led by Martin Luther King Jr. It was significant because it was noticed nationwide and impacted the civil rights movement. -
Little Rock 9 (African American Movement)
This event occurred in Little Rock, Arkansas, where 9 African American students were admitted to a high school. The governor of Arkansas sent troops to prevent these students from attending the school, which caused Eisenhower to get upset and send his own troops to protect and guard the students so that they could attend the school. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (African American Movement)
This act was a result of activism for equal rights and included a panel to ensure voting rights, and was stimulated by the Brown vs. Board of Education court case ruling, where segregation was unconstitutional. -
SNCC Formed (African American Movement)
The SNCC is the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and was formed with the goal of giving students the opportunity to use their voice for change. African Americans were encouraged to participate in sit-ins at restaurants to promote integration. -
Chicano Mural Movement (Mexican American Movement)
This movement was the use of public infrastructure to display Mexican-American culture through the work of art. However, it caused issues between Mexican-Americans themselves as well because of competition for space used for the murals. -
Cesar Chavez (American Indian Movement)
Cesar Chavez created the United Farm Workers, which included protests and nonviolent boycotts in order to have better working conditions, and was primarily aimed towards American-Indians. -
"I Have a Dream" Speech (African American Movement)
This was a speech delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. in the March on Washington, in order to promote African American civil and economic rights, to end racism in the United States. It is a very well known speech because it showed the power of King and how he was able to make an impact on the civil rights movement. -
24th Amendment (African American Movement)
This amendment banned the poll tax, which is a voting fee, which allows voting to be open to everyone. This impacted the political system because it helped include the votes of African Americans and other minorities. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964 (African American Movement)
This act banned discrimination in public accommodations and protected voting rights. However, this only gave colored people equality on paper, but not socially, meaning there was still no acceptance completely throughout society. -
Black Panther Party (African American Movement)
This was an African American political organization created in order to fight police brutality and provide services in the ghetto. Those included in this organization had ideas of black nationalism, self-defense, and socialism to promote equality. -
American Indian Movement (American Indian Movement)
This was a civil rights movement in order to promote the interests of Native Americans. It was originally formed to resolve issues around poverty and police brutality that Native Americans dealt with at the time. -
Sandra Day O'Connor Appointment (Women's Movement)
O'Connor was the first woman appointed to serve on the court as a justice in the United States, which displays the political advancements of women.
